EQ3- 4.7-4.9 Flashcards
What are the two ways in which reaeration is managed
- by national governments (UK government)- they play vital roles in regeneration
-by local governments- aim to represent areas as attractive for inwards investment
case study, national government decision for regeneration, HS2…
HS2
- aimed at addressing inequalities in income (north south divide)
- long term project
- to aid the OVERALL development of the country
- in 2015, the UK government created the Northern Powerhouse (proposal to boost economic growth)
- £56 bn railway-> financial cost is too high
- the gov expects it to create £20,000 jobs
- Wildlife Trusts state that it will lead to a net loss of biodiversity
- quicker commute times
-acts on preventing a two-speed economy - farmers land taken away
-people’s homes destroyed
case study, national government decision for regeneration, Heathrow airport
Heathrow
-aim of expanding Heathrow airport
-want to reduce travel times (main aim)
-to improve accessibility to regenerate regions- ( Newcastle, Manchester and Glasgow regional airports invested in)
what are the 3 National decisions made by UK government
fracking,
planning decisions,
house building targets
national decision made by the UK government: Fracking
Fracking
-To meet the demands of the rise in population
-NIMBY
-Prioritises national needs
-local opposition
national decision made by the UK government:
Planning decisions
Planning decisions
-To achieve economic development some local gov laws are overridden
- want to increase potential of local regeneration e.g. building on a greenfield site
national decision made by the UK government:
House Building Targets
House Building targets
-lack of housing supply= houses have rapidly increased within the UK
- UK gov may be met with NIMBY opposition
- 240,000 homes need to be built each year to meet current demand.
planning laws like greenbelt policy make releasing new land hard to achieve. Lack of ability to build new housing can prevent economic development and regeneration by limiting the opportunities for new people to move into an area.
UK government decision making: what has the open door policy led to
Open door policy- opening UKs borders to migration has led to rapid economic development and regeneration as migrants have brought population growth and businesses
UK government decision making: open to deregulation
Deregulation: the UK is very open to foreign investment, including allowing foreign people and companies to buy property. In 2016, the Guardian estimated that 40,000 London properties were owned by offshore tax havens. These properties may not be lived in, or even rented.
Leads to rising house prices
what are 3 responsibilities of the local government
-Competing for investment- (science parks)
-local decision making- (ensuring as many stakeholders are happy)
-regeneration strategies- ( attract investment; sports led regen in Olympic park.)
how can the local government gain investment
local governments make an area more attractive to investors and national govs by improving derelict sites, transport, power and water supply, so that private companies can choose to invest. For partnership for regeneration to work they need to include as many players as possible: (local interest groups)
what are the local interest groups that can be of use to local governments
- Chambers of Commerce: these organisations represent business and industry in a local area, and persuade local and national governments to invest in infrastructure, education and skills training.
- Trade unions: their jobs is to represent workers in particular industries over issues like pay and conditions; their support is important to many companies that want good worker-manager relationships.
- Education: schools, further and higher education establishments provide the skilled workers modern business need so they are key partners.
- Local groups: regeneration and development involves change, so local environmental (preservation) groups, historical preservation societies and even wildlife groups need to be involved so that change does not lead to negative local consequences.
one way in which local governments have gained investment is through science parks (sympathetic business environments), name some facts abt science parks
-Cambridge Science Park has attracted 100 companies, including global technology companies
- high speed internet, attractive surroundings and facilities, modern, latest science technology, high tech industries that attract highly skilled employees
name some facts about the Olympic parks regeneration which was aided by national and local governments
-regen including retail led plans, tourism, leisure and sport
-public sector investment
-sports led regen
-multitude of players involved
-adopting different strats to gain investment
- previously deprived
-to create a sports legacy
-gyms, sports fields, playgrounds, cafés
-Westfield is the worlds largest shopping city in Europe
-over 20,000 jobs could be created by 2030
- og plans accounted for 50% of all housing in the area to be affordable but local gov in the area wanted more expensive houses as this would improve local government budgets making the area more unaffordable (tensions)
government and private investment: powys regeneration:
-regen including public/private rural diversification (gov and private investment to help rural areas to have a lower reliance on farming)
-regen strategy was designed to… (from powys country council)
1. encourage private partners/ business to invest
2. work with local groups to enable them to regenerate using their own strats
3.trying to create multiplier effects from promoting localised spending
4. improve broadband connectivity to so younger people stay
5. encourage local communities to diversify by using natural assets e.g sustainable tourism and renewable energy.
Powy relies on input from stakeholders:
-powy wants to develop a niche for their place so is distinctive W
-council will share info on regen strats
what is the main way in which rural areas rebrand
tourism:
-heritage and literacy associations (Bronte country)
-farm diversification and specialised products e.g wine tasting
- outdoor activities
-
how has Cornwall rebranded to reduce dependence on tourism and what are the positives and negatives:
Newquay aero hub business park:
+cornwall council obtained enterprise zone status
+the aerohub is a partnership between cornwall council and private investors panning to diversify cornwall away from reliance on tourism
+-by the end of 2015, only 450 out of the hoped 700 jobs were created
+businesses attracted
-still heavy reliance on tourism
what are ways in which Cornwall has rebranded for tourism
-Watergate bay hotel opened (employed 50-60 people)
-Uni of Exeter to reduce brain drain
-The Eden Project was built
what are the Benedits and Costs of the Eden project
Benefits:
+ it employs 400 full time staff
+ each visitor spends an average of £150 when visiting the Eden Project either there or in the local area
Costs:
- large amounts of traffic congestion so polluting the environment
-the project has an extremely high carbon footprint due to specialist materials required
whats a signal that Cornwall has been successful in rebranding
because Cornwall has a faster growth rate than the UK at 5.8% compared to 5.4% for the UK
what 3 factors have led to reduced housing supply in the UK (this is the negative effect of GOV policies)
-immigration (has increased pop)
-deregulation ( foreign people can buy property- many houses may be empty in UK)
-second homes and holiday homes (there are few restrictions in the UK on people buying houses to rent out)
what are the 4 regeneration strategies for rural areas
media (popular TV programmes)
outdoor pursuits (walking)
farm diversification
sustainable rural lievlihoods
what are the 4 regeneration strategies for urban areas
Retail
Heritage tourism
sports and leisure (2012 olympics)
Arts and Culture
define rebranding
rebranding - changing the perceived image of a place to outsiders, as well as physically regenerating an area. (involves regeneration and reimaging)
successfully regenerated places become locations people want to live in, work in and visit as well as making them more attractive to investors.
how does media play a role in regeneration/ re-imaging
Positive news stories and public relations during regeneration to get an area known
Advertising in newspapers and online
The use of logos and slogans to project an image to the outside world
define regeneration
investing in an area with the aim of triggering cumulative causation (increased investment and movement of people to the area)
define re-imaging
aims to change negative views into positive views
what’s an example of a deindustrialised area which has been rebranded
liverpool
how do deindustrialised areas rebrand their area
Turning their industrial history into a heritage asset, e.g. museums
Redeveloping warehouses and old industrial buildings into apartments, shops, restaurants and office space
Building modern apartments and hotels on land once occupied by industry
Using local art, artists and music to attract visitors
how has Liverpool regenerated and rebranded
- using the Beatles Heritage
-lured Chinese investors with the shanghai tower
-shanghai tower would destroy UNESCO-protected world heritage site
-Beatles story museum opened
-5.5 billion project Liverpool water to build 9000 flats
