EQ4 Flashcards
factors that tell if regeneration has been a success
-lack of ageing pop
-more of a working pop
-studentification
-using data from IMD
how can social progress and success be measured
-measuring reduction in inequality
-less deprivation present
-heightened life expectancy
-reduction in health deprivation
-mortality rates
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b
b
Regeneration often attempts to improve the environmental quality by: (4)
Redeveloping derelict land and buildings, and removing contaminants
Creating new parks and green spaces, planting trees
Putting in place new street furniture, pavements and lighting to improve the design of areas.
Regenerating housing with double-glazing and insulation to reduce indoor noise and lower energy costs
when improving environmental quality through regenerations, what are the overall aims
To reduce air pollution levels; this in turn improves people’s health
To create spaces for people to walk, play and practise sport, which in turn could lead to healthier, more active lifestyles.
To make urban environments safer, especially for children, pedestrians and cyclists.
To improve living conditions so people live in warm, dry, secure homes.
The 2012 London Olympics in Stratford, east London is a good example of environmental improvement.
state some facts
-100 ha of new greenspace was created with 4000 trees
-3 km of rivers and canals were cleared
- improvements in rail, bus routes and cycle routes improved transport in the area, potentially reducing air pollution.
what will different stakeholders views be dependent on for areas?
their views will depend on the meaning and lived experiences of an urban place and the impact of change on both the reality and the image of that place.
different stakeholders have different criteria to measure success
what does the local council want in order to deem regeneration as successful
Wants: External image is important to attract investment, so landmark buildings and interesting architecture are important, but so are reduced deprivation levels
Measured by: job creation numbers, areas of vacant/derelict land brought back into use, IMD data trends
what do existing residents want in order to deem regeneration as successful
Better housing, community facilities and job opportunities plus an improved environment.
Hard-to-measure factors such as ‘community spirit’ may be important.
rising incomes, improved health and life expectancy, increased access to services
-nimbyism
what do property developers want in order to deem regeneration as successful
Motivated by profit, so will maximise sales values and rental values.
Image is important to draw sales.
Profit versus investment ratios
number of investors
increase in land value
what do local businesses want in order to deem regeneration as successful
Increases local population, especially of wealthier residents to boost trade and profits
-rising population, especially the young
-hiring rates of new employees
what do the national government want in order to deem regeneration as successful
regeneration that fits in with national priorities such as the northern powerhouse (a policy to increase the economic power and significance of northern cities, especially greater Manchester) plus reduced dependency on benefits
reduced out-migration
increases in regional output/GVA
regeneration in Barking and Dagenham (Gascoigne Estate- summary )
-its the most deprived housing estate in the borough
-its regeneration will provide new homes
regeneration in Barking and Dagenham (Gascoigne Estate- economic) Pos and Neg
+due to office spaces, economic flows will increase and there will be a larger working population
+area=now attractive towards investment
-costly to build new infrastructure
regeneration in Barking and Dagenham (Gascoigne Estate- social ) Pos and Neg
+its regeneration will provide 1500 homes by 2024
+more services such as schools which will improve quality of life, more positive lived experience
-new infrastructure may not facilitate everyone
-due to rising prices, people ma be forced out the area
regeneration in Barking and Dagenham (Gascoigne Estate- environmental) Pos and Neg
+brownfield sites may be built on so greenfield sites not disrupted
+more green and open areas
-creation of an urban micro-climate, more reflectivity of houses= higher avrg temps
-more traffic= more pollution
urban regeneration in Barking and Dagenham (Gascoigne Estate- demographic ) Pos and Neg
-people may be forced out if it becomes too expensive
+more of a working pop due to more office spaces
+increased quality of life as more services available.
urban regeneration in Barking and Dagenham (Dagenham Dock- overview )
used to be an industrial site, now its a sustainable business area
urban regeneration in Barking and Dagenham (Dagenham Dock- economic ) Pos and Neg
+now has a plastic bottle recycling company (recycles 10% of the UKs plastic bottles
+investment
+economic flows
-expensive to regenerate and uplift the area
urban regeneration in Barking and Dagenham (Dagenham Dock- social) Pos and Neg
+provides jobs for people which gives them stability
-people forced out of industrial site, skills not passed on
+less pollution in immediate vicinity so less health problems
urban regeneration in Barking and Dagenham (Dagenham Dock- environmental ) Pos and Neg
+now contains an anaerobic digestion plant= progression to more renewable and sustainable sources of energy
+derelict land now provides a purpose
-biofuels from anaerobic digestion plant can contaminate water sources with pesticides
urban regeneration in Barking and Dagenham (Dagenham Dock- demographic) Pos and Neg
-movement of industrial workers out of the area
-may be a more diverse population of workers as new innovation is here
urban regeneration: key players before and after the 2012 games:
UK Central Government agency role
-The London Legacy Development cooperation is funded by the central Gov
-oversee the legacy development of the Olympic park
-ensure the use of Olympic venues post 2012 and increasing employment and more housing
urban regeneration: key players before and after the 2012 games:
Local Government- the elected councils role
-the four London boroughs including Hackney all wanted regeneration to continue post 2012
-4 boroughs have no planning control over new developments, the London Legacy Development Corporation has this power
urban regeneration: key players before and after the 2012 games:
the regional government- the London assembly’s role
were responsible for ensuring that transportation was effective during the games as well as supporting the expansion of housing post 2012
urban regeneration: key players before and after the 2012 games:
stakeholders in the local economies role
-207 (mostly locally owned) companies were compensated to move for Olympic venues, there were objections and many workers faced longer commute times
urban regeneration: key players before and after the 2012 games:
environmental stakeholders role
the area was derelict so…
the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park re-landscaped the whole area.
new wetlands created and nesting sites
urban regeneration: key players before and after the 2012 games:
stakeholders in people- why are they unhappy?
-community broken up as poorer residents cant continue living here
-post 2012, the plan was to re-model the Athletes village int 3000 affordable housing units, with gov cuts, this has now been reduced to 800.
rural regen:
give an overview of the wave hub (2010 to present)
-brought up by the local gov
-16km off Cornwalls north coast
-its a wave power research project
-it cost £42 million to build with funding from SWRDA, the EU and the UK gov.
-The project will earn £76 million over 25 years
-will create 170 jobs
rural regen:
give an overview of superfast broadband, cornwall
-Cornwall now has the largest rural fibre network
-it cost £132 million
-it encourages businesses, particularly knowledge-economy companies and those who work at home.
-2000 jobs have been created
what are the 3 different sources of investment
-public-sector investment
-private-sector investment
-mix between public and private
give an example of private sector investment in London
-Westfield Shopping centre ( Europe’s largest shopping centre)
-An Australian property company borrowed £700 million to build it (it has a 50% stake)
-in the first 4 years, the centres annual turnover was £1 billion (contributed hugely to the economy)
give an example of public sector investment in London
- Londons 2012 Olympic and Paralympic games
-The UK government bid for the 2012 games, supported by the London Assembly and its Mayor
-The games cost £9.3 billion to host, these costs were recovered through ticketing, TV sponsorship and post sales of houses in the Athletes village
give an example of public-private sector investment in London
the regeneration of the London Docklands
-although portrayed as market-led (leaving the private sector) it actually involved partnerships between the gov (which handed over land and financial grants) and property developers (who ensured that the regeneration would create economic growth, jobs and housing)
what are the players in public sector investment (policy led)
-MPs
-government officials
-regional councils (e.g. The London Assembly)
-local councils
what are the players in private sector investment (investment and profit led)
-company directors
-shareholders
-employees
-property developers
when is public-sector investment used (policy led)
-used for infrastructure or public-service projects that the private sector views as being too costly or risky or where expected income be lower than the costs (projects can be used to kickstart a depressed economy)
when is private-sector investment used (investment and profit led)
for multiple partners:
-used when the project will lead to benefits for more than one company or partner
for a single company:
-new investment used to expand its product and range and increase its profits
what is public sector investment used for?
1.infrastructure
national transport e.g. HS2 or water and energy projects based on public need
2.major national events
e.g 2012 olympics and Paralympics
3.health services
what is private sector investment used for ?
for multiple partners:
1.technology
e.g. companies sharing research into new engine technology
2.supply chains
e.g. intel chips made for a variety of computers
for a single company:
- expansion of individual companies and their range of products
what are the benefits of public sector invetsment
it provides services and infrastructure where they are needed- not where they will make profit
what are the benefits of private sector investment
energetic, creative and competitive (which can bring costs down)
what are the negatives of public sector investment
sometimes seen as slow with accurate budgeting and delivery times
what are the negatives of private sector investment
it serves the companies interests and not those of the public
when is a mix of public and private sector investment used?
where the cost is high but it can still be shared by the private sector
what is an example of public and private sector investment
housing e.g. private housing developments as part of which the government subsides the construction of affordable housing
benefits of public and private sector investment
often works well within the UK e.g. NHS
costs of public and private sector investment
the different sectors need to understand each other
