Globalisation & Migration Flashcards
What is elite migration, and how does it impact host countries?
Wealthy individuals or highly skilled workers moving abroad. Benefits include foreign investment and filling skills gaps.
Example: 82% of London’s high-value property deals in 2013 involved foreign buyers.
How does elite migration affect source countries?
“Brain drain”: Loss of skilled workers (e.g., doctors leaving developing nations). Loss of investment as wealthy individuals move their assets abroad.
What is low-wage economic migration, and how does it impact host countries?
Involves less-skilled workers moving for better job opportunities. Benefits: Cheap labour for infrastructure projects. Challenges: Strain on housing and services.
Example: 80% of construction workers in Dubai are foreign migrants.
How does low-wage economic migration affect source countries?
Loss of workforce in home country. Increase in remittances (e.g., $12.5 billion sent from UAE to India in 2016).
How does migration create interdependence between countries?
Economic links: Source countries rely on remittances. Labour supply: Host countries rely on migrant workers.
Example: India’s economy depends on remittances from the UAE.
What are the challenges of interdependence in migration?
Recessions in host countries impact remittances to source countries. Loss of workers in source countries can lead to economic decline.
What is a megacity?
An urban area with over 10 million people.
Example: Mumbai, Karachi, New York, Tokyo.
Why are megacities growing rapidly?
Rural-to-urban migration for better jobs and services. Higher birth rates than death rates in urban areas.
What are the push and pull factors driving megacity growth?
Push factors: Lack of education and healthcare in rural areas. Lack of clean water and sanitation. Pull factors: Better employment opportunities. Higher wages in urban centres.
What are the main problems in megacities?
Housing shortages and informal settlements. Overcrowding and pollution. Strain on infrastructure and services.
Why is Mumbai a megacity, and what challenges does it face?
Largest urban area in India (22 million people in 2015). Doubled in size since 1970, leading to rapid slum growth.
Example: Dharavi slum houses 5,000 informal workers in recycling industries.
What are the environmental problems in Mumbai?
Severe air pollution (ranked 4th most polluted megacity in 2018). Poor sanitation and lack of clean water in slums.
Why is Karachi considered a megacity?
Growing at 5% annually. Generates 25% of Pakistan’s GDP.
Example: 50% of population live in slums or unplanned settlements (e.g., Orangi Town).
What are the main issues faced by Karachi?
Lack of clean water (30% of water lost through leakage). Tax avoidance: 75% of informal workers don’t pay tax, limiting government revenue.
