Globalisation And Crime Flashcards
What is the definition of globalisation?
An ongoing process that involves interconnected changes in the economic, cultural, social and political spheres of society
What does globalisation as a process involve?
The ever-increasing integration of these aspects between nations, regions, communities and even seemingly isolated places
What does Held state about globalisation of crime?
It is the growing interconnectedness of crime across national boarders, sometimes referred to as transnational organised crime
What does Castells argue about a criminal economy?
There is now a global criminal economy of over £1 trillion per annum
Evaluation - strength - valuable
Focuses on the newest, most dramatic and serious of crimes
Evaluation - strength - led to more connectedness
Led to more connectedness between law enforcement agencies around the world
Evaluation - weakness - difficult to investigate
Difficult to investigate due to secretive and global nature
Evaluation - weakness - dependency on secondary sources
Dependency on secondary sources and reliable statistics are not available. Primary research can be dangerous
Evaluation - weakness - easily exaggerated
Easily exaggerated in terms of impact
What are new types of crime due to globalisation?
- drugs trade
- human trafficking
- financial crimes
- cyber crime
- transnational organised crime
- terrorism
How much is the global drugs trade now worth?
$300 billion per year
Where are drugs often cultivated?
Columbia, Peru and Afghanistan which have large impoverished populations
Why are drugs an attractive trade?
It requires little investment but commands high prices especially in the western world
What can human trafficking involve?
Trafficking of women and children as well as illegal immigrants and human body parts
How many organs per year are estimated to be trafficked?
Over 2000 organs per year from condemned or executed criminals
Why are women and children often trafficked?
For sex trade or slavery it is estimated that half a million people are trafficked to Western European annually
Why has money laundering become much easier?
relaxing of international banking laws means people can move money between offshore accounts easier or to haven countries where national laws don’t allow law enforcement access to accounts
How has cyber crime developed?
Out of growth in tech
What forms do cyber crime take?
Cyber fraud
Cyber theft
Cyber terrorism
Cyber violence
What type of crime is cyber crime and why?
A transnational crime because the hacker can be in one country whilst hacking a system in another country
What has the growth in organised crime networks been based on?
Economic links
What does Glenny call economic links?
“Mcmafia “
Where did mcmafia develop?
From the deregulation of global markets and the fall of the Soviet Union
What did old school mafias do?
Disperse around the world especially in places like the USA
what has made international terrorism easier?
technological and communication advancements
how have technological and communication advancements made terrorism easier?
groups can communicate with members all over the world and cultivate in-state members through online radicalisation
what are the impacts of globalisation on crime?
individualisation
opportunities
disorganised capitalism
risk society
problems with policing
more inequality
who suggested that individualism was an impact of globalisation on crime?
Bauman
what does Bauman suggest about individualism?
growing individualism and consumer culture means individuals are left to weigh the cost and benefit of their decisions and choose the best course to bring them the highest rewards which can lead to people taking part in criminal activity to achieve the consumer lifestyle which is otherwise unobtainable
how do opportunities impact globalisation on crime?
growing globalisation, technological advancements and communications has led to newer crime and new ways to carry these out.
opportunities - how does the dark web allow criminals to commit crimes?
allows criminals to communicate and conduct crimes whilst undetected.
Crimes can also be committed in one nation whilst the criminal is in another
who suggested that disorganised capitalism has an impact on globalisation of crime?
Lash and Urry
What do Lash and Urry suggest about disorganised capitalism?
increased deregulation and fewer state controls over business and finance.
How do corporations now act? what does Taylor say this has led to?
transitionally - moving money, manufacturing, waste disposal and staff around the world to increase profits and lower regulation.
Leading to greater job insecurity, less social cohesion and fewer job opportunities in the west which can increase crime rates.
who suggested that risk society is an impact of globalisation of crime?
Beck
what does Beck suggest about risk society?
growing instability in the globalised world has led to people being more risk conscious
what are the causes of the risk?
often global in nature which can make it hard to pinpoint who is responsible and the media can play on this fear which can lead to hate crimes and racially motivated crimes
how do problems with policing impact globalisation of crime?
due to crimes becoming transnational it requires coorporation between many different law enforcment agencies to bring the criminals to justice.
Also what is illegal in one country may not be illegal in another and so if the criminal and victim are in each of these countries it’s hard to determine jurisdiction
who suggested that more inequality is an impact of globalisation on crime?
Taylor
what does Taylor suggest about more inequality?
globalisation creates new patters of inequality. The winners from the process = rich financial investors and transnational corporations
what are the disadvantaged in both the developing and developed world faced with?
greater insecurity and greater relative deprivation which then feeds criminal behaviour
How much do Chinese Triads make annually by smuggling of illegal immigrants?
$2.5 billion
How many people did the national crime agency 2014 estimate to be victims of slavery in Britain?
13,000
How much does the drugs trade make a year in street prices?
$300-400 billion
In Columbia what percentage of the population is dependant upon cocaine production?
20%
