Globalisation

Question 1

globalisation

Answer 1

-an ongoing process that involves interconnected changes in the economic, cultural, social and political sphere of society

-Increasing integration of these aspects between nations

Question 2

what has globalisation created

Answer 2

-spread of ICT
-mass media influence
-cheap air travel
-easier movement in business

Question 3

Held

Answer 3

-Globalisation has occurred due to greater interconnectedness of social life and relationships throughout the world

Question 4

United nations development programme 1999

Answer 4

Globalisation has led to massive growth in certain crimes:
-drugs
-illegal trafficking
-terrorism
-war crime

Question 5

benefits of globalisation

Answer 5

-international cooperation between police forces
-greater efforts to prevent money laundering

Question 6

Castells

Answer 6

-Globalisation led to development of networks that cut across national boundaries/transnational

-Knowledge, people and goods can move quickly across boarders creating criminal networks

e.g. American mafia, Chinese trades

Question 7

Misha Glenny: Russian Criminal Networks

Answer 7

-economic organisations formed for self interests
-Built up links with criminal in other parts of the world

Question 8

Biggest global criminal business

Answer 8

-drugs trade
-trafficking women and children
-illegal arm trading
They harm victims, economies, politics and culture

Question 9

Newburn

Answer 9

globalisation of crime has 3 key effects:

-reducing powers of the nation state, may occur in a different country so hard to get compensation

-new ways to commit crime, such as legislation in countries vary

-awareness of risk, cyber terrorism

Question 10

Green crime

Answer 10

-air pollution, graffiti, emissions all contribute to global warming
-Dumping waste, illegal fishing, littering and trading wildlife

Question 11

Emmons

Answer 11

an environmental crime is an unauthorised act or omission that violates the law

Question 12

South

Answer 12

-argues that some actions are currently legal should be seen as crime

-Primary environmental crimes: legal but cause damage that comes under criminologists e.g. air and water pollution

Question 13

Walters

Answer 13

genetically modified crops

-Profit in the UK despite the ecological harm and uncertainty that have been widely documented

-Radioactive waste into the sea

Question 14

Taylor

Answer 14

-Argues that capitalism drives the globalisation of crime -Privatisation of states assets and increased marketisation both create conditions conducive to the growth of both transnational and local crime by working class

Question 15

Hobbs and Dunningham

Answer 15

-Criminal organisations like the mafia are not as dominant as suggested

-global crime operates through glocal system where there is networks built by local connections

Question 16

Example of Glocal crime

Answer 16

Dave Peters
-Ran shipping business and chain of clubs through Europe, he maintained contacts with his local town in England and lived in Spain

Question 17

Thornton and Beckwith

Answer 17

Air pollution
-claims that 24,000 people die each year because of air pollution yet its not illegal

Question 18

Walters

Answer 18

-Term eco-crime should be used rather than green crime

-should be seen as crime against nature rather than humans

Question 19

White

Answer 19

More of an eco-centric approach that emphasises the interdependence of humans and the environment they live in

Question 20

Beck

Answer 20

Risk Society
-economic growth in more affluent countries has meant the risk resulting from lack of resources and science and technology have allowed humans to overcome many risks

Question 21

Evaluation of Beck

Answer 21

-Human activities have created new risks e.g. nuclear contamination

-Also more global awareness.

-makes generalisation about why green crime takes place

Question 22

Sutton

Answer 22

-Points out that richer people can afford to live in parts of the world that are least effected from environmental damage

Question 22

Hasley and White

Answer 22

-green crime is caused by the dominance of capitalist ideology

-economic growth is prioritised over the wellbeing

-They link environmental harm and corporate crime

Question 23

Walters Example

Answer 23

-Biopiracy, companies take control of plants and animals preventing them from being used by bad people

-Capitalist corporations have been responsible for a big deal of green crime like BP Deepwater oil

Question 24

State Crime

Answer 24

-They have more ability than individuals and use violence and force because of there control over the police. They define what is legal and illegal an run there own CJS

e.g. war crime and genocide

Question 25

McLaughlin

Answer 25

4 Types
-political crime
-crimes of the police and security forces
-economic crimes
-social and cultural crime

Question 26

3 approaches to defining state crime

Answer 26

-state legalise actions that would most of time been seen as criminal

-international law is open to interpretation and impossible to enforce

-certain general standards against which behaviour can be judged, regardless of legislation

Question 26

Cohen

Answer 26

Defines state crime as gross violations of human right against international and national law causing serious harm to humans

3 spiral stage:
denial of responsibility
denial of injury/redefine
give justification

Question 27

Matza and Sykes

Answer 27

techniques of neutralization
-make abuses seem more acceptable without challenging the idea of human rights abuses
-Authorisation and dehumanisation

Question 27

Cyber crime

Answer 27

term given to the use of technology in the committing of crime

Question 28

Wall

Answer 28

4 types of cyber crime:

trespass, deception, porn and violence

Question 29

why has cyber crime increased

Answer 29

-use of technology
-higher rewards of data and opportunistic crime

Question 30

Benefits of the internet

Answer 30

-CCTV and facial recognition
-global tracking