Gender

Question 1

Statistics in gender offending rates

Answer 1

2013
men 95% convictions
men more likely to reoffend
age of 40, 9% of females convict, 32% men

2019
men 73% women 27%

Question 2

Self report studies

Answer 2

-12% men admit to serious offences

-8% women suggest that not all recorded in conviction statistics

Question 3

Chivarly Thesis

Answer 3

Pollack

-says that official statistics seriously underestimate female offending

-females are skilled at deceiving people.

-CJS is more lenient to women because most agent are men, they respond more protectively and softly

Question 4

For chivalry thesis

Answer 4

-Home office statistics show women are charged less
-Haralambos and Holborn says women are more likely given cautions and pre court sanctions than go to prison

Question 5

Against chivalry thesis

Answer 5

-Box stated that on self report studies women who commit serious crime do not get treated favourably

-Home office states that courts impose more severe sentences on women for less serious offences

Question 6

Bias against women

Answer 6

-Less women commit crime so when they do it violates socially acceptable patterns, society has a big reaction.

-women are x2 more likely yo be denied bail when charged with drug offences

-Walklate stated on rape cases they are not treated seriously

Question 7

Heidensohn

Answer 7

Double standards and double deviance
-Women treated badly when deviant from the norms of behaviour associated with femininity
-Breaking norms not just of a society but norms that suggest how its correct for women to behave

Question 8

Hedderman

Answer 8

Difference mean bias
-women and men are affected differently when sentenced to prison and they have different circumstances e.g. childcare

Question 9

Sex role theory

Answer 9

-Girls socialised differently to boys

-Parsons states that child rearing is carried out by mothers, Birks have a role model

-Cohen states boys lack role model and socialisation, go to gangs and subcultures

-Farrington and Painter- female offenders have had harsh and erratic parenting

Question 10

Caddle and Crisp

Answer 10

Studied 100 women in prison

-reasons linked to sex role:support children and family problems

-not linked:no money, no job and drink and drugs

Question 11

Liberationist perspective

Answer 11

-Adler stated that increase in female crime is due to increase in freedom from traditional forms

• Denscombe stated this has meant risky behaviour from women
• Westwood stated that identities are being reconstructed and reframed, women are more confident and forceful

Question 12

Against liberationist perspective

Answer 12

Heidensohn

-stated that female offenders doing a psychological test scored high in femininity, therefore not taken male roles

Question 13

Radical feminism and social control

Answer 13

Heidensohn
females less likely to commit crime due to informal sanctions to discourage women
- control at home
- control in public
- control at work

Question 14

Evaluation to support radical feminism

Answer 14

Hagan- Child raising patterns in Canada suggest informal control on daughters greater
Toor- British asian girls there is a strong emphasis of honour and shame in their family

Question 15

Against radical feminism

Answer 15

His work is dated and liberal feminist state that greater freedom means its difficult to explain why female rates remain so low

Question 16

Socialist feminism

Answer 16

Carlen
-correlation with gender and social class

Study found that women aged 15 to 46 from w/c background enjoyed women freedom

-These women have little to lose and have excitement from crime due to experience in poverty

Question 17

Evaluation of Carlen

Answer 17

-A small study but with lots of evidence

• 40% of women who have been out of prison for 5 years are out of work and 61% have no qualifications
• doesn’t talk about males

Question 17

Carlen

Answer 17

class and gender deal
Class- sacrifice personal freedom to work hard for luxury and leisure/ no qualifications
Gender- turn to marriage for security and family life/ little experience of happy life, in care or abusive father

Question 18

Male roles and Masculinity

Answer 18

Connell: multiple forms of masculinity that change over time.

Messerschmidt- normative masculinity is highly valued among most men, socially approved idea of a real man (desire for women)

Businessman vs lower status man

Question 19

Negatives to masculinity

Answer 19

-men struggle to live up to expectations in which masculinity is not natural
-masculinity caries depending on power and resources

Question 20

Evaluation of masculinity

Answer 20

Jefferson
-fails to explain why particular men commit more than others.
-If all men have the potential to gain power through crime then why do not all men commit it