Crime Control, Punishment, Prevention & Victimology

Question 1

Joyce

Answer 1

-Punishment necessary and desirable
-Deterrence, Incapacitation, Rehab, Retribution.

Question 2

Durkheim perspective of punishment

Answer 2

Pre Industrial
-division of labour
-strong collective conscious/ mechanical solidarity
-retributive justice
Modern industrial
-spealist roles
-weaker collective conscious
-restitutive justice
-boundary maintenance

Question 3

Marxist Perspective of punishment

Answer 3

-Law is not a product of shared interest and beliefs of society
-it is one of ruling class
-Punishment corresponding with economic system
-3 eras: early middle age: religious penance and fines
later middle age: brutal punishment and rich controlled
17th century: prison developed due to the fact could be produced cheaply
-Imposed law to protect private property for wealthy

Question 4

Foucault: discipline and punishment

Answer 4

-18th century type of extreme public punishment no longer took place, now hidden away

-Move away from sovereign power to more disciplinary power (panopticon jails) lead to prisoners self monitors
-CCTV and Surveillance is more extensive and invasive to peoples privacy

Question 5

Evaluation of Foucault

Answer 5

• Few criminals are put off by CCTV
• Exaggerates the extent of control
• CCTV reduces crime in car parks not other crime
• But increase in technology e.g. face recognition can have an impact

Question 6

Garland 2001 Culture of control

Answer 6

1970s shift in attitude towards punishment in USA and UK.
Late modernity more freedom but social control has weakened, focus is on reassuring communities and controlling crime
1. Adaptive response- risk groups get help at young age
2. Expressive strategy- election time and focuses on politics
3. Sovereign state strategy- emphasis on state taking back control.

Question 7

Goffman: Racial oppression

Answer 7

Big imprisonment against young black men
-30% of black men with no college education are in prison by 30

Question 8

Prison statistics

Answer 8

1997- 62000 people 2022- 82896 people
Age- 15 to 17 is 326 40 to 49 is 17174 60+ is 5857

Question 9

Agree for prison

Answer 9

• incapacitation, off the streets
• deterrent effect, fear prison
• Prevent reoffending, unpleasant experience
• Reform, treatments

Question 10

Liebling and Crewe

Answer 10

Argument against prison
-Might make reoffending more likely
-stigmatisation, develop self concept and see themselves as a criminal
-prison environment, changed values, school of crime and learn techniques

Question 11

Rehabilitation

Answer 11

-Scottish reoffending rates have hit 19 year low

-Government plans, new technology to get smuggling of drugs and keep addicts clean

-maths and English skills for employment

Question 12

Situational crime prevention: Right Realism

Answer 12

Clarke
-people commit crime when the cost of offending is less than the benefit
-low level crime is opportunistic
-rational choice theory

Question 13

Felson

Answer 13

-Crime occurs when a likely offender and a target come together with no capable guardian
-Use target hardening

Question 14

Evaluation of Felson

Answer 14

-ignores the cause of crime e.g. inequality
-assumes crime is based on rational calculation etc excitement
-limited to opportunistic crime, doesn’t address domestic crime

Question 15

Felson: Bus terminal New York

Answer 15

-Redesigned in the 80s
-where homeless people lived and took drugs. changed to better lightning, graffiti resistant walls, toilet attendance insulted

Question 16

Environmental Crime prevention: Right Realism

Answer 16

Wilson and Kellings
-Broken window theory, prevent antisocial behaviour, Government want to strengthen local communities
-Zero tolerance policy
-programmes to make an area less intimidating

Question 17

evaluation of environmental crime prevention

Answer 17

• limited evidence to support broken window theory
• not enough police to petrol this
• Reiner states police have been effective by targeting hot spots
• Conservative gov since 2015 have reduced police budget

Question 18

Social and community prevention

Answer 18

Farringtion and west- Risk Model

-More popular mid 1990s, focus on individual offenders and social context

-Compared background of young males offenders with non offenders

-Risk factors low income, poor housing and poor parenting, risk focused prevention as aims to improve life of the poor

Question 19

Example of social and community prevention

Answer 19

Pre school USA
-2 groups of African American pupils, one group given social intervention e.g. social workers
-This specific group had half the amount of arrests by the age of 27

Question 20

Evaluation of social and community prevention

Answer 20

-Taylor said it does little to do with underlying causes, needs to look at inequality in capitalist society

-Blaming the victim for the inequality

-w/c cities are the target not white collar crime

-Seen to spread power of the state rather than prevent

Question 21

Victimology

Answer 21

-Person who has suffered harm, physical or mental in which their fundamental rights through acts or omissions are violated

-Difference between victim and offender is not always clear cut. Stereotype of a victim being weak and virtuous

Question 22

Positivist victimology

Answer 22

-Concerned with factors affecting rates of victimisation as a measure of statistical studies

-Focused on violent crime

-Hoyle states victim survey are useful alongside official statistics in understanding

-MIND 2007- venerable groups too, proneness (own characteristics) and precipitation (victim initiated the crime)

Question 23

Crime survey England and wales

Answer 23

Age- men aged 16 to 24 have highest rate of victimisation

sex- men higher risk than women, other than domestic violence

Routine activities- People who go out at night and drink

Ethnicity- minority ethnic groups

location- linked to income and social class

Question 24

evaluation of positivist victimology

Answer 24

-Some judges have blamed young women for wearing revealing clothing for rape cases

-Victimisation surveys are not fully reliable

-accused of victim blaming

-Looks at a limited range of crime

Question 25

Radical Victimology

Answer 25

Structural Factors e.g. class inequality, patriarchy

women and working class are likely to be victims

Lea and Young

-understanding of victimisation needs to be considered, the way that socially structured class inequality made worse by high rates by victimisation/poor city areas

Question 26

Evaluation of radical victimology

Answer 26

-Victims of white collar and corporate, state crime needs to be considered

-victims are usually poor and venerable, changes of compensation and justice is small

-Criticised for not distancing itself from positivist victimology

-relies on unreliable crime surveys

Question 27

Critical victimology

Answer 27

Walklate
-questions the category of the victim, state has a crucial role in defining who is a victim
-Looks at the harm done to powerless people
-Political campaigning gain acknowledgement e.g. domestic abuse

Tombs and whyte
-corporate crime victims do not realise they are victims (20,000 people are killed in the yearly by air pollution

Question 28

Evaluation of victimology

Answer 28

-Positivists look at patterns
-Radical looks at structural factors
-Critical looks at role of power