Crime Control, Punishment, Prevention & Victimology Flashcards
Joyce
-Punishment necessary and desirable
-Deterrence, Incapacitation, Rehab, Retribution.
Durkheim perspective of punishment
Pre Industrial
-division of labour
-strong collective conscious/ mechanical solidarity
-retributive justice
Modern industrial
-spealist roles
-weaker collective conscious
-restitutive justice
-boundary maintenance
Marxist Perspective of punishment
-Law is not a product of shared interest and beliefs of society
-it is one of ruling class
-Punishment corresponding with economic system
-3 eras: early middle age: religious penance and fines
later middle age: brutal punishment and rich controlled
17th century: prison developed due to the fact could be produced cheaply
-Imposed law to protect private property for wealthy
Foucault: discipline and punishment
-18th century type of extreme public punishment no longer took place, now hidden away
-Move away from sovereign power to more disciplinary power (panopticon jails) lead to prisoners self monitors
-CCTV and Surveillance is more extensive and invasive to peoples privacy
Evaluation of Foucault
- Few criminals are put off by CCTV
- Exaggerates the extent of control
- CCTV reduces crime in car parks not other crime
- But increase in technology e.g. face recognition can have an impact
Garland 2001 Culture of control
1970s shift in attitude towards punishment in USA and UK.
Late modernity more freedom but social control has weakened, focus is on reassuring communities and controlling crime
1. Adaptive response- risk groups get help at young age
2. Expressive strategy- election time and focuses on politics
3. Sovereign state strategy- emphasis on state taking back control.
Goffman: Racial oppression
Big imprisonment against young black men
-30% of black men with no college education are in prison by 30
Prison statistics
1997- 62000 people 2022- 82896 people
Age- 15 to 17 is 326 40 to 49 is 17174 60+ is 5857
Agree for prison
- incapacitation, off the streets
- deterrent effect, fear prison
- Prevent reoffending, unpleasant experience
- Reform, treatments
Liebling and Crewe
Argument against prison
-Might make reoffending more likely
-stigmatisation, develop self concept and see themselves as a criminal
-prison environment, changed values, school of crime and learn techniques
Rehabilitation
-Scottish reoffending rates have hit 19 year low
-Government plans, new technology to get smuggling of drugs and keep addicts clean
-maths and English skills for employment
Situational crime prevention: Right Realism
Clarke
-people commit crime when the cost of offending is less than the benefit
-low level crime is opportunistic
-rational choice theory
Felson
-Crime occurs when a likely offender and a target come together with no capable guardian
-Use target hardening
Evaluation of Felson
-ignores the cause of crime e.g. inequality
-assumes crime is based on rational calculation etc excitement
-limited to opportunistic crime, doesn’t address domestic crime
Felson: Bus terminal New York
-Redesigned in the 80s
-where homeless people lived and took drugs. changed to better lightning, graffiti resistant walls, toilet attendance insulted
Environmental Crime prevention: Right Realism
Wilson and Kellings
-Broken window theory, prevent antisocial behaviour, Government want to strengthen local communities
-Zero tolerance policy
-programmes to make an area less intimidating
evaluation of environmental crime prevention
- limited evidence to support broken window theory
- not enough police to petrol this
- Reiner states police have been effective by targeting hot spots
- Conservative gov since 2015 have reduced police budget
Social and community prevention
Farringtion and west- Risk Model
-More popular mid 1990s, focus on individual offenders and social context
-Compared background of young males offenders with non offenders
-Risk factors low income, poor housing and poor parenting, risk focused prevention as aims to improve life of the poor
Example of social and community prevention
Pre school USA
-2 groups of African American pupils, one group given social intervention e.g. social workers
-This specific group had half the amount of arrests by the age of 27
Evaluation of social and community prevention
-Taylor said it does little to do with underlying causes, needs to look at inequality in capitalist society
-Blaming the victim for the inequality
-w/c cities are the target not white collar crime
-Seen to spread power of the state rather than prevent
Victimology
-Person who has suffered harm, physical or mental in which their fundamental rights through acts or omissions are violated
-Difference between victim and offender is not always clear cut. Stereotype of a victim being weak and virtuous
Positivist victimology
-Concerned with factors affecting rates of victimisation as a measure of statistical studies
-Focused on violent crime
-Hoyle states victim survey are useful alongside official statistics in understanding
-MIND 2007- venerable groups too, proneness (own characteristics) and precipitation (victim initiated the crime)
Crime survey England and wales
Age- men aged 16 to 24 have highest rate of victimisation
sex- men higher risk than women, other than domestic violence
Routine activities- People who go out at night and drink
Ethnicity- minority ethnic groups
location- linked to income and social class
evaluation of positivist victimology
-Some judges have blamed young women for wearing revealing clothing for rape cases
-Victimisation surveys are not fully reliable
-accused of victim blaming
-Looks at a limited range of crime
