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Global Politics Flashcards

1
Q

Define global governance, nation-state and security dilemma

A
  • Global governance; states have the most authority in global politics + represent their own national interests. Dalton used the Billiard Ball Model to show how states impact the other but their own self-interest takes precedences over IGOs
  • Nation state; **sovereign states **of which citizens are united through langauge and culture making a nation. Challenged by rise in IGOs + globalisation
  • Security dilemma; as one** states defences build up others respond** increasing tensions between the two states. China’s expansion into terriotrial waters in South China sea has led to the US patrolling nearby ‘international’ waters
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2
Q

Define realism and liberalism

A
  • Realism (right-wing); Bull argues nation-states are sovereign and global politics is anarchical although there is society of states despite the disorder. Believe the authority of IGOs should be limited as the nation-states should be sovereign to advance their self-interest
  • Liberalism (left-wing); State’s interests are interdependent + best advanced through working together + non-state acotes e.g. IGOs. States are committed to **individual liberty so a liberal world view can be adopted with international cooperation **
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3
Q

Define anarchical society and international anarchy

A
  • Anarchical society; attempts to bring government structures together to deal with common interests. E.g. Taking** military action through a UNSC Resolution **
  • International Anarchy; states are self-contained units which frequently clash where there is no authority as as legitmate or powerful as the nation-state. US-led + UK-backed invasion of Iraq shows the disorder of global politics **without a clear UNSC Resolution **
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4
Q

Define society of states and complex interdependence

A
  • Society of states; a system in which states attempt to establish** order by forming alliances and creating international insitituions + laws**. EU is an example of a society which engenders economic cooperation to reduce political + military conflict
  • Complex interdependence; states + their forutnes are inextricably linked. Cobweb Model highlights the links between many states + how the cobwebs may disintergrate if one strand (state) breaks
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5
Q

Explain the powers of national governments

A
  1. Government with a clear mandate + authority and parties which compete in elections + legitmately elected by the electorate
  2. National laws are clearly written down + apply to all citizens
  3. Victorious political party will govern with clearly defined authority
  4. Clear authoritative institutions for decision-making such as Parliament
  5. Courts + policies forces enforce national laws + have authority to do so
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6
Q

Explain the powers of global ‘governments’

A
  1. Summits + IGOs can offer states means of resolving disputes + chances to work together e.g. G7, G20, UN, EU Paris Climate Change Conference
  2. No single world government with a clear mandate - states are the most powerful actors +** cannot be forced to do anything against their will **
  3. IGOs have varying degrees of authoirty + legitmacy so** states can choose which ones to join**
    4.** International law **is codified by only applies to states which have **agreed these laws through treaties **
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7
Q

Explain how nation states have primacy over the EU and UN

A
  • EU; 2016 Brexit vote meant the UK was the first member to leave the EU giving them a weaker global presence + links to the US. Members like Hungary are deeply critical + more Euroscptic parties are being elected across the EU
  • UN; every member state (193) has one vote - for the** Security Council, Economic + Social Council + budgetary decisions require a 2/3 majority** but other votes only need a majority. **Members often also abstain meaning no action can be taken e.g UK on Palestine **
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8
Q

Explain how nation-states have primacy over the G7 and Paris Climate Change Conference

A
  • G7; G7 has no formal rules which means control over members which ensures like-minded values + achieves more than organisations like the G20 e.g. US $50 billion loan to Ukraine agreed recently
  • Paris Climate Change Conference; 157 parties have committed to greenhouse gas emissions reduction but only 57 have quantified such targets into domestic policies + only** 17 (+EU) look beyond targets for 2030**
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9
Q

Define the IGOs; UN, IMF, WTO + World Bank

A
  • UN; Established in 1945 after WW2 to **prevent another conflict has 193 members currently
    **
  • IMF; Provides loans to countries for capital projects + comprises of **International Bank for Reconstruction + Development and International Development Association **
  • WTO; Organisation that regulates international trade
  • World Bank; **189 countries **working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure **financial stability, faciliate international trade, sustainable economic growth + reduce poverty **
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10
Q

Define the regional bodies; EU, NAFTA + ASEAN

A
  • EU; political + economic union of 27 member states, population of over 150 million
  • North American Free Trade Agreement; agreement signed by Canada, Mexico + the US created a trilateral trade bloc in 1994
  • Association of South-East Asian Nations; organisarion that promotes intergovermental cooperation around** economic, political, security, military, educational + sociocultural intergration among its members + Asian states**
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11
Q

Define the NGOs; Oxfam + Human Rights Watch

A
  • Oxfam; confederation of 20 independant charitable organisations focusing on alleviating poverty, founded in 1942 + led by Oxfam International
  • Humans Rights Watch; international organisation that conducts research + advocacy on human rights
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12
Q

Define unipolarity, mulitpolarity, bipolarity with the advantages and disadvantages of both

A
  • Unipolarity; a distribution of power in which one state eexercises most of the **cultural, economic + military influence **
    e.g end of Cold War + rise of **US hegemony **
    Adavantages: US provided a sense world peace - **spread ideas of free trade + democracy **

Disadvantages: Highly unstable emerging states resent the one hegemonic state e.g Germany’s belligerence in the lead up to WW1

  • Multipolarity; more than two-states have nearly equal amounts of **militarly, cultural + economic influence **
    e.g increase in power of BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India +China)

Advantages: Liberals argue the lack of existance of a single world power means states are **more likely to cooperate with global goverance **

Disadvantages: Neorealists argue that chance of misjuding the intentions of other states + increases the chances of war due to external balancing

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13
Q

Define bipolarity and balance of power with the advantages and disadvantages of both

A
  • Bipolarity; a system where world order in which the** majority of global economic, military + cultural** influence is held **between two states **
    e.g **Cold War **- US + USSR vying for power

Advantages: promote peace as neither side was capable of eliminating the other

Disadvantages: Destabling + dangerous as it almost led to the Cuban Missile Crisis due to no effective checks

  • Balance of power; national security is enhanced when militant capability is distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate the other
    e.g Nuclear proliferation + **fear of MAD **led to uneasy balances of power

Advantages: promotes allyship between countries + countries increase their own defence systems (Realist POV)

Disadvantages: Mearsheimer argues it’s an unstable distribution of power as it’s constantly shifting

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14
Q

Explain the key beliefs/theories of realism

A
  • Structural realism = nation-states seek to advance their own interests at the expanse of other nation states
  • Nation-states** don’t allow supranational authority greater **than themselves as global relations are archaic are as **no ‘body’ enforces international law **
  • States shouldn’t have to meet humanitarian aims - destablises international relations
  • Negative interpretations of human nature views **humans as selfish + egotistical **
  • e.g Trans-Pacific Partnership (IGO) was unable to exist which aimed to lower tarrifs **didn’t exist due to US withdrawal **in 2017
  • e.g EU raised import taxes on Britain after the **left the IGO **
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15
Q

Explain the key practical policies of realism

A
  • Defend **internal security **through well defended borders + laws
  • States know the limit of soft power but use a **combination of soft + hard power = smart power **
  • In international anarchy **threats + force are important **
  • In the global system where there isn’t a no guarantee that other states or IGOs will help them
  • Human nature cannot be changed
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16
Q

Explain the practical policies of liberalism

A
  • Human nature isn’t fixed so states can improve
  • Efforts should be made to prevent + reduce conflicts which are avoidable through IGOs e.g UN
  • Military powers can be counterproductive
  • States should be committed to individual liberty e.g human rights
  • Power should be shared equally as it leads to stability through things like economic cooperation reducing chances of conflict
  • Possible to impose order on humans in a rule-based system of international law e.g 2012 EU won Nobel Peace Prize
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17
Q

Explain the views of Waltz, Bull, Morgenthau and Mearsheimer - realist thinkers

A

Waltz - favours **bipolarity over multipolarity as it lead to easier negotiations **+ that states live in a self help system where they build up their own security apparatus through military power

Bull - identified anarchical society in global politics + a society of states emerged to promote common interests + states compete with the other

Morgenthau - argues people are selfish + try to dominate so moral considerations are less important than national interests + states defend their own national intests against perceived threats

Mearsheimer - explained that conflict + competition for power continues + secure hegemony +all states find ways to increase power

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18
Q

Explain the relationship between IGOs and states

A
  • IGOs only exist because they have been created by states who retain the ultimate power e.g Britain leaving the EU, African states leaving the ICC in protest at bias against them
  • Failure of UNSC to agree to a resolution on Israeli-Palestinian ceasefire due to US vetos shows IGOs are dependant on member states
  • States **retain the power to act unilaterally **e.g UK + US invaded Iraq despite the UN urging them not to - isolationsim
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19
Q

Explain Russia’s position with NATO and events which have strained the relationship

A
  1. Russia supported Assad’s regime in Syria with air strike in 2015
  2. Russia began to increase its military influences in response to the expansion of NATOe.g annexation of Crimea in 2014
  3. Russian National Security Strategy declared that NATOs build up forces in countries bordering it which wasn’t consistent in international law
  4. Trump called for all NATO member states to pay the fair share of contribution - 2% of GDP + called NATO ‘obsolete’
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20
Q

Explain the realist theory; Billard Ball Model

A
  • Billard Ball Model is under pressure due to complex interdependance of interconnected states
  • Push factors** seperate nation-states such as scare resources, war**
  • Pull factors bring sovereign states together such as trade agreements
  • Every billard ball is sovereign so protected from IGOs
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21
Q

Explain an example of global anarchy between states

A
  • In the South China Sea (contains oil + gas) - China has attempted to expand its territorial waters by increasing patrols + building islands
  • US has responded through Freedom of Navigation Patrols in ‘international waters’ - in 2013 the UN tribunal ruled that China wasn’t complying with the UN Convention on the Laws of the Sea
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22
Q

Explain the views of Keohane, Fukuyama and Ohmae - liberal thinkers

A

Keohane - challenges ideas that states reject international cooperation + that international law can achieve shared solutions. Democracy plays a key role in **preventing conflict **+ international trade binds states together as they are more interdependant

Fukuyama - liberal democracy since the end of the Cold War have become the undisputed form of human government + argues its the ‘endpoint of mankind’s ideological development’. International law is possible to hold all states to account e.g** Universal Declaration of Human Rights + reject the zero-sum game**

Ohmae - globalisation brought a shift in society + states are losing their economic power + aren’t the main participants in the global economy. NGOs + IGOs help states become aware of different viewpoints + policies

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23
Q

Explain key examples of liberal beliefs on IGOs and how they restrict conflict

A
  • **WTO has fostered trade through greater transparency **among trading nations + an increase in **developed countries investing in developing economies **
  • Political decisions are more globalised e.g Ebola crisis 2015 + Cornovirus pandemic 2020 - Interpol faciliating international police co-operation + Paris Climate Agreemet to tackle climate change
  • Turkey has been denied membership to the EU because they fail to meet the requirments - democratic states offer a more stable base to society as they offer a framework for trade, transparency etc
  • Democracy restricts conflicts as leaders are responsible to their electorates + people **feel unpopular about war **+ often need permission from their legislature to engage in military action e.g 2013 when Parliament voted military action against Assad’s regime in Syria
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24
Q

Explain how the global financial crisis shows the role of complex interdependance between countries

A
  • 2008-09 global financial crisis collapsed the sub-prime mortgage market in the US which led to a lack of confidence in the banking system which spread across the world
  • Slowed global economic growth , rose unemployment
  • In the** Eurozone countries such as Ireland + Greece **were unable to borrow from international markets - needed the **European Central Bank to bail them out **
  • Led to many strict austerity measures in domestic politics - led to IMF agreeing a financial stimulus to inject funds into the international banking system
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25
Q

Give examples of Obama’s liberalist policies/actions

A
  1. **Ended wars in Iraq + Afghanistan without a decisive victory **
  2. US air strikes in Libya to prevent humanitarian crisis when Gaddafi threatened to kill rebel civillians with UNSC approval + Arab League support
  3. Struck a deal with Iran lifting economic sanctions in exchange for them **stopping their nuclear weapon buildings programme **
  4. During the 2010-12 Arab Uprisings they sided with the protestors which was a turn from previous US leaders who were allies of Mubarak in Egypt
26
Q

Give examples of Obama’s realist policies/actions

A
  1. Obama increased the use of drone strikes over boots on the ground for al-Qaeda targets which were highly effective (between Pakestian + Afghanistan)

2.** Failed to react with military** intervention when Assad used chemical weapons in Syria - **struck a deal with Russia to disarm Assad of chemical weapons **

  1. Obama failed to close the terrorist detention centre at** Guantanamo Bay** where terrorists are often tortured + held without trial
  2. Obama **didn’t uphold international law when Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 **
27
Q

Explain Fukuyama’s key arguments on the Clash of Civilisation and criticisms of them

A
  • Collapse of the USSR is proof that** liberal democracies will become dominat **
  • Fukuyama argues that liberal democracy will lead to global stability due to the mutal interdependance of states with shared values
  • National and ethnic conflicts will still occur but large scale ideological war will cease to exist

Critictisms
* Fukuyama claimed that liberal democracies had ended the class problems which have now been expanded by the growing class divide - leading to more people interested in socialism **
* Far-right (anti-state) parties are rising across Europe and people are becoming more nihilistic leading to a potential for facism to restart**

28
Q

Explain Huntington’s key arguments on the Clash of Civilisation and criticisms of them

A
  • Argues cultural differences will be the main source of conflict= recurring conflicts
  • International relations will always be based on conlict
  • Nation-states are in conflict post-Cold War caused by rivarly of different civilisations
  • Rivarly between the Western liberal + Islamic civilisations

Criticisms
* Berman argues that distinct cultural boundaries don’t exist due to migration (Islamic extremists study in the West often) - proves the ideologies aren’t completley seperated or in conflict
* Sen argues that diversity is a feature of all cutlures + extreme cultural determinism is unlikely

29
Q

Give key examples showing that Fukuyama was right about the end of an ideological struggle

A

YES
2. 1. Liberal democracy have increased from 35 in 1974 to 120 in 2013 a rise of 60%
2. Communism was abolished in the USSR and former Soviet states in Eastern Europe joined the EU + have become liberal democracies
3. World economy has grown by 4x
4. Healthy democracies have survived long-term
5. Fundemental Islam is limited to non-state actors such as Al-Qaeda no nation state has adopted it as a form of government

30
Q

Give key examples showing that Fukuyama was wrong about the end of an ideological struggle

A

NO
1. Russia under Putin is far more authoritarian than a liberal democracy + China has adopted a similar pattern. They are also large challengers of the US
2. Capitalism has** created inequalities**e.g 2008 financial crash etc
3. Iran + Saudi Arabia operate under Sharia law opposing liberal democracies
4. Attempted coups in Turkey (2016) + protests collapsing the Bangladash government (2024) highlighting the fragility of democracy
5. Liberal democracies have weaknesses e.g in India 1/3 of elected candidates had criminal indictments in 2014

31
Q

Give key examples showing that Huntington was right about the clash of civilisation

A

YES
* 9/11 attack on the World Trade Centre are evidence of a **clash between the West and Islam **
* The Islamic civilisation is divdied between Shia and Sunni sectsreflected in the Shia war; Shia Iran + Sunni Saudi Arabia backed different sides
* Global terrorism has increased with ISIS, Boko Haram all emerge to challenge Western values
* The rise of China to overtake the US reflects an increase in the power of Sinic civilisation

32
Q

Give key examples showing that Huntington was wrong about the clash of civilisation

A

NO
* Little evidence in unity in the Islamic world with Iran distancing itself with the US + Saudi Arabia allied with America
* India, Japan + Latin America aren’t very interested in the West and deeply intderdependant so aren’t interested in a clash with the West
* Large numbers of Muslims in non-Muslims states adhere to Western values
* Russia’s aggression in Georgia + Ukraine highlight the struggles that exist among former Soviet states - according to Huntington share a similar civilisation when there’s clearly tension between them

33
Q

Explain what the Washington Consensus is and an example of it in practice

A
  • Belief in the primacy of the free markets + capitalist enterprise
  • Forces states to adopt low regulation + reduce corporation tax to attract investment
  • e.g Vietnam attracted investment by reducing corporation tax by 20%
34
Q

Explain what the Bretton Woods Institutions are and how they impact globalisation

A
  1. World Bank
  2. International Monetary Fund
  3. World Trade Organisation
  • World Bank + IMF use the structural adjustment programme (SAPs) founded on the belief that economic growth increases through** free market reforms**
  • To attain IMF funding through SAPs nation states have to follow a specific economic agenda (limiting state sovereignty)
  • WTO encourages states to reduce import tarrifs to faciliate trade
35
Q

Explain how UN bodies increase global interconnectedness

A
  • UN member-states collaborate together to resolve ‘collective dilemmas’
  • World Health Organisation - tackle epidemics + pandemics e.g Covid-19
  • UN High Commission for Refugges - alleviates the plight of refuges
  • UN International Children’s Fund - globally protect children’s rights e.g vaccination rollout programmes
  • Sustainable Development Goals - increase literacy rates, reduce infant mortality etc
36
Q

Explain the work of Amnesty International, Greenpeace, Human Rights Watch and Oxfam and use examples

A
  1. Amnesty International
    * Influenced the EU to provide €30 million to the EU Human Rights Defenders Mechanism
    * Influenced US states Illinois + Michigan to enforce new gun safety laws e.g universal background checks
  2. Greenpeace
    * Worked with the UN to implement the Global Ocean Treaty all member states agreed to work to protect + conserve large areas of the ocean
  3. Human Rights Watch
    * International Campaign to Ban Land Mines in 1997
  4. Oxfam
    * Use funding to help provide essential items, rebuild infrastructure and protect women + girls who are the most vunerable in the aftermath of the severe flooding in Bangladesh 2024
37
Q

Explain how the EU, NAFTA, ASEAN + Mercosur encourgae globalisation regionally

A
  • EU - promotes free trade through their internal free market with no border checks
  • NAFTA - elimnates tarrifs on imports + exports between the 3 countries
  • ASEAN - free trade agreements
  • Mercosur - free trade agreements with bodies outside of Mercosur e.g an** EU-Mercosur agreement**
38
Q

Explain how the internet and technology has impacted globalisation

A
  • Instantaneous trading of shares + capital has created a global marketplace
  • TNCs have spread e.g McDonalds have franchies in 120 countries
  • News networks have become global corporations e.g CNN, Sky News + social media has led to the spread of information e.g in the 2012 Arab Uprisings Al Jazeera played a role in provking the riots by undermining states abilities to control the flow of info the their people + in Bangladesh in 2024 they cut off Meta servies to stop people being able to coordinate riots
39
Q

Explain using two examples to show the globalisation of markets

A
  1. In 1997 a flight of global capital from Thailand which threatened the propserity of the South-Eastern Asian region
  2. In 2008 when the mortgage crisis hit the US it let to a global crash in the markets as people lost confidence in the US markets
40
Q

Explain the idea of the Peace of Westphaila and why it was significant

A

Peace of Westphaila (1684)
* Created the concepts of state sovereignty, mediation between nations + diplomacy
* Codified into an international set of laws providing the basis for international communities e.g EU + UN
* Laid out the idea that nation-states couldn’t interfere with other nation states

41
Q

Explain the idea of the Congress of Vienna and why it was significant

A

Congress of Vienna
* Brought about a balance of power in Europe + prevent further conflict
* Dissolved the Napoleonic world + attempted to restore the monarchies Napoleon had overthrown
* First occasion where countries representatives came together to formulate treaties

42
Q

Explain the idea of the Creation of the UN and why it was significant

A

Creation of the UN
* Post-WW2 nations wanted to create peace + representatives of 50 countries came together
* Drafted + signed the UN Charter which formally created the UN to ensure global peace

43
Q

Explain what the terms Wilsoniansim and the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States refers to

A
  • Wilsoniansim = interpreted war as atiavistic associated with imperalism + economic nationalism
  • Montevideo Covention on the Rights + Duties of States = codified the declarative theory of statehood = soveriegnty in international law
  • Roosevet opposed the U.S armed intervention in inter-American affairs - 19 signatories - Brazil, Peru + US signing was subject to minor reservations
44
Q

Explain internal sovereignty and give examples of it within the UK

A

Internal; location of sovereignty within a state

  • In the UK Westminster Parliament possesses legislative sovereignty
  • The EU referendum suggests that popular sovereignty is more important than legislative sovereignty within the UK as Parliament was unprepared to ignore the vote
  • The Brexit will change the location of sovereignty within the UK
  • The PM exercises sovereignty on behlaf of the monarchy through using royal prerogative
  • Sovereignty is fluid e.g Supreme Court’s ruiling that Parliament and not the government had the sovereign authority to trigger Article 50
45
Q

Explain external sovereignty and give examples of it within the UK

A

External; all states are equally sovereign in relations with one another

  • The least powerful state is as sovereign as the most powerful + so its territorial intergrity is legally valid
  • According to Westphalian principles one state may disagree with the way another is governed but it doesn’t allow them to interfere in their affairs
  • Article 2 of the UN Charter recognises the fact that all member states have equal sovereignty
46
Q

Explain the Brandt Report and its key findings

A
  • Economic and social division between the developed Global North and developing Global South
  • Living standards, high wages and industrial productivity most common in the norhten hemisphere
  • Poverty, low wages and agricultural and structural disadvantags most common in the southern hemishpere
47
Q

Give statistics showing the convergence between the global North and South

A
  • An annual growth in the economy of developing countries 7.6%(rich countries had an annual growth of 4.5%)
  • Global trade increasing from $41 trillion in 2000 to $78 trillion in 2014
  • Convergence in North and South with the number of people in absolute poverty dropping from 1.9 billion in 1980 to 702 million in 2015
48
Q

Give key examples of the successes of Asian countries economically

A

Vietnam: specialises in low-cost manufactering labour costs 50%
* Focus on low corporation tax + tax relief on foreign companies sending dividends back to their country

Taiwan: Focus on exports annually of $350 billion
* High price consumer goods

South Korea: 5th largest global exporter in cars, computers and wireless telecommunications
* 17X higher output than North Korea

China: 500 million people left poverty since 1980 - enormus supply of **cheap labour to manufacture low-cost goods **which sells globally
* In 2017 exports from China were $2.2 trillion

49
Q

Give examples of the key resources of African countries

A
  • Botswana - diamonds = 90% of exports
  • Cote d’Ivoire - cocoa beans and butter = over 50% of exports
  • Ethiopia - **coffee = 24% **of exports
  • Ghana - gold + precious metals = 35% of exports
  • Kenya - tea, coffee + spices = 27% of exports
50
Q

Explain the impact of globalisation on consumerism and poverty

A
  • Driven down the price of consumer goods e.g in developing countries 80% of people have phones
  • Industrialisation has given people jobs with stable incomes helping them to break out of poverty
51
Q

Explain the Gini coefficient with examples

A
  • Gini coefficient measures inequality - higher the score = higher inquality
  • US = .41 and China = .42 (in China the poorest 25% own only 1% of the wealth and the richest 1% own over 30% of the nation’s wealth)
52
Q

Explain the critiques of economic globalisation by Prahalad, Stiglitz and Chua have

A
  • CK Prahalad = ‘economic pyramid’ where the gap between the poor + wealthy has grown
  • Stiglitz arges that the increasing inequality impedes economic growth as economic trade liberalism favours low spending on key public servcies
  • Chua argues that the concentration of wealth creates resentment and dissatisfaction undermining social cohesion and encourages destablising political movements
53
Q

CK

Explain the ways economic globalisation has entrenched poverty

A
  1. In Bangladesh the Rana Plaza garment factory (where brands like Primark + Mango source cloth) has reported the death of 1,129 employees
  2. Human Rights Watch found that Chinese mining firms in Africa have high levels of human rights abuse
  3. Globalisation has led to a ‘race to the bottom’ in **countries cutting corners to attract business and growth **
54
Q

Explain how economic globalisation has led to cultural and enivronmental destruction

A

Cultural/Environmental Destruction

  1. Criticisms of TNC’s abusing the environment e.g Shell has degradation of the Niger Delta the UN estimates that TNCs caused $2.2 billion worth of environmental damage
  2. TNCs withdraw their factories from countries with rising labour costs such as China to African countries or Vietnam
  3. TNCs lead to lower labour costs and the destruction of local industires such as rice in Ghana + ground nuts in Sierra Leone = crime + destroyes local cultures
  4. Materalism has undermined cultural observances e.g proletarianization in China has led to high numbers of suicides from disaffected youths at Focxconn factories
55
Q

Explain how economic globalisation has led to a democratic deficit

A

Democratic Deficit

  1. Too much power is given to IGOs e.g IMF, WTO who are lacking democratic accountability - policies often harm the poorest and marginalised
  2. Regional bodies e.g EU lack deomcratic accountability e.g the Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership will lower consumer and worker standards - no democratic means to oppose this
56
Q

Explain how economic globalisation has impacted job security

A

Job security

  1. Many voters in the EU referndum argued that the free flow of goods and labour undermined their job prospects + placed pressure on public services due to mass immigration
  2. According to the Prebischer-SInger hypothesis exporting the products fueling economic globalisation means developing countries face declining trade
    * Ha-Joon Chang argues developing countries need tariffs and subsidies against foregin imports     till they can withstand foreign competition to protect their industries
57
Q

Explain how economic globalisation using World Systems theory

A

World Systems Theory

  1. World systems theory - neo-colonialism as developing countires are condemned to a peripheral status in global trade - developing countries provide markets + workforced for TNCs without developing their business interests
58
Q

Explain examples of how international law has advanced and not advanced conflicts

A
  • International community failed to prevent conflict in Afghanistan in the wake of the US invasion following the 9/11 terrorist attack
  • In 2016 Russia asserted the primacy of its domestic law over the ECHR. Turkey suspended membership in the aftermath of the failed military coup in 2016 when many condemned President Erdogan’s brutal suppression of opposition
  • Failings of the international community to prevent conflict - 2003 when a UNSC failed to prevent the joint US-UK led invasion of Iraq. 500,000 may have died = rise of militant Islamism
  • 1991, during the first Gulf War, the UN condemned Saddam Hussein’s retribution against Shia + Kurdish rebels. Led to France, the UK + USA establishing no-fly zones within Iraqi airspace to protect Hussein’s opponents
  • Liberal hopes that the UN would emerge as the global arbiter of peace were premature. Break-up of the former Yugoslav Federation in 1991 plunged the Balkans into a brutal civil war. The UN and EU intervened, it was not before the loss of tens of thousands of soldiers + civilians
59
Q

Explain examples of how international law has advanced and not advanced human rights

A
  • 2023 the ECtHR delivered 1498 judgements: 735 against Russia, 30 against Turkey and 319 against Italy + 109 against Romania
  • ECHR lacks the coercive power to ensure states observe its rulings. Failure of the British government to grant prisoners the vote despite ECtHR ruling. May agrued for British Bill of Rights
  • 1993 the UNSC established the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia to deal with war crimes during the Balkans conflict. This led to further war crimes tribunals being established to deal with human rights abuses in Cambodia, Sierra Leone and Rwanda etc
  • 1981, the ECtHR declared that Northern Ireland’s criminalisation of homosexual acts was in contravention of the ECHR. Led to the decriminalisation of male homosexual sex in 1982
  • 2016, Russia withdrew its signature from the Rome Statute when the ICC ruled that its forces had illegally annexed Crimea
  • 1999 the ECtHR ruled that the dismissal of two men from the British military was in breach of their right to a private life. UK recognising the equal rights of gay people to serve in the UK military
  • International community to prevent escalating conflict in the Syrian civil war, with Assad, accused of war crimes against the civilian population using poison gas - Obama failed to act
  • China, Russia + the US refuse to accept the ICC - the **US enacted the American Service Member’s Protection Act (2002) stating the US gov will use force to free servicemen if detained by the ICC **
  • In 1995 NATO intervented in massacres committed by Bosnian Serbs against Bosinian Muslims
60
Q

Explain reasons why economic globalisation has reduced poverty

A
  • Developing countries attract investment by engaging in free trade - allows the to industrialise
  • Nation states can use their **comparative advantage to allow for expansion
  • Developing countries have incentives for better trained and educated workforces** to attract investment
  • Globalisation reduces the cost of imports enabling the world’s poorest to purchase subsitence + consumer goods cheaply
  • TNCs outsource employment to countries with **low labour costs = diversification in developing countries that export raw materials
  • Dramatic decrease in global poverty**
61
Q

Explain reasons why economic globalisation has not reduced poverty

A
  • Produced a ‘race to the bottom’ where governments **reduce costs limiting workers rights through commerical violence against workers **
  • Proletarianization = disintergration of communities = rise in crme
  • Core states ‘dump’ cheap manufactered products on developing states so they remain in neo-colonial dependancy (Prebisch-Singer hypothesis)
  • Global capitalism is volatile encouraging crises e.g 2008 global financial crash - instability threatens socioeconomic progress
  • **Job security is threatened **as business move production to take advantage of lowest -cost environments to produce in
62
Q

Explain the UNDR and its key pinciples

A
  • Universal Decaration of Human Rights - which protect inalienable human rights (30 articles) protect freedoms e.g freedom from discrimination
  • Difficult for the UNDHR to enforce human rights as its a declaration not a hard law = no sanctions for not following it
  • 47 member countries can bring cases to court + ECHR can make ruilings which are legally binding

Politics (10 decks)

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