global paediatrics

Question 1

name some causative organisms for pneumonia

Answer 1

strep pneumo
h. influenzae
RSV

Question 2

name an organism commonly associated in HIV infected infants with pneumonia

Answer 2

pneumocystis jiroveci

Question 3

name 4 risk factors for pneumonia

Answer 3

malnutrition
over-crowding
indoor air pollution
parental smoking

Question 4

how can we prevent pneumonia in children

Answer 4

vaccinations
breastfeeding then complementary nutrition
good hygiene

Question 5

what is the leading cause of death in children under 5 globally

Answer 5

diarrhoea

Question 6

name 2 causative organisms for diarrhoea

Answer 6

rotavirus
e.coli

Question 7

how do we usually acquire diarrhoea

Answer 7

faeces infected water or food

Question 8

management of diarrhoea

Answer 8

oral rehydration solution, zinc supplements

Question 9

what cells do HIV infect

Answer 9

CD4+ cells of the immune system

Question 10

when can mother-child transmission occur

Answer 10

during pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding

Question 11

how to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV

Answer 11

maternal lifelong antiretroviral treatment
infant prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole

Question 12

signs of HIV in children

Answer 12

lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly
failure to thrive
recurrent infections
persistent fever

Question 13

testing for HIV in <18 months

Answer 13

virological PCR for HIV DNA or RNA

Question 14

testing for HIV in >18 months

Answer 14

serological rapid antibody test

Question 15

management of HIV in children

Answer 15

HAART

Question 16

what does HAART involve

Answer 16

2 NRTIs + NNRTI/protease inhibitor

Question 17

what is an NRTI

Answer 17

nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Question 18

what is a NNRTI

Answer 18

non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Question 19

risk factors for TB in children

Answer 19

HIV
malnutrition
household contact

Question 20

presentation of TB in kids

Answer 20

chronic cough/fever >2 weeks
night sweat
weight loss
lymphadenopathy

Question 21

investigations for TB

Answer 21

CXR
tuberculin skin test
ziehl-neelson stain

Question 22

CXR in TB

Answer 22

shadows, lesions and consolidation
ghon focus in periphery of midzone of the lung

Question 23

management of active TB

Answer 23

RIPE for 2 months and then RI for a further 2 months

Question 24

management of latent TB

Answer 24

rifampicin and isoniazid for 3 months or isoniazid for 6 months

Question 25

how do we get malaria

Answer 25

plasmodium parasite from female anopheles mosquitos

Question 26

what is the most severe form of malaria

Answer 26

P.falciparum as it can cross the blood brian barrier

Question 27

how do we investigate malaria

Answer 27

blood film for microscopy or rapid diagnostic test

Question 28

management of malaria

Answer 28

artemisinin-based combination therapy for 3 days

Question 29

management of severe malaria

Answer 29

IM or IV artesunate until they can tolerate oral treatment

Question 30

what is kwashiorkor

Answer 30

protein energy malnutrition from only having carbs resulting in oedema

Question 31

what is marasmus

Answer 31

characterised by energy deficiency resulting in low body weight

Question 32

what is needed for diagnosis of severe acute malnutrition (3)

Answer 32

mid-arm circumference <115mm
weight for height under 3SD
oedema of both feet

Question 33

outpatient management of malnutrition

Answer 33

investigate cause
vit A
de-worm
ready to use therapeutic food

Question 34

give examples of ready to use therapeutic food

Answer 34

peanut butter, dried milk, vitamins and minerals

Question 35

what can cause secondary epilepsy

Answer 35

malaria, RTAs, meningitis, birth asphyxia