global paediatrics Flashcards
name some causative organisms for pneumonia
strep pneumo
h. influenzae
RSV
name an organism commonly associated in HIV infected infants with pneumonia
pneumocystis jiroveci
name 4 risk factors for pneumonia
malnutrition
over-crowding
indoor air pollution
parental smoking
how can we prevent pneumonia in children
vaccinations
breastfeeding then complementary nutrition
good hygiene
what is the leading cause of death in children under 5 globally
diarrhoea
name 2 causative organisms for diarrhoea
rotavirus
e.coli
how do we usually acquire diarrhoea
faeces infected water or food
management of diarrhoea
oral rehydration solution, zinc supplements
what cells do HIV infect
CD4+ cells of the immune system
when can mother-child transmission occur
during pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding
how to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV
maternal lifelong antiretroviral treatment
infant prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole
signs of HIV in children
lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly
failure to thrive
recurrent infections
persistent fever
testing for HIV in <18 months
virological PCR for HIV DNA or RNA
testing for HIV in >18 months
serological rapid antibody test
management of HIV in children
HAART
what does HAART involve
2 NRTIs + NNRTI/protease inhibitor
what is an NRTI
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
what is a NNRTI
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor
risk factors for TB in children
HIV
malnutrition
household contact
presentation of TB in kids
chronic cough/fever >2 weeks
night sweat
weight loss
lymphadenopathy
investigations for TB
CXR
tuberculin skin test
ziehl-neelson stain
CXR in TB
shadows, lesions and consolidation
ghon focus in periphery of midzone of the lung
management of active TB
RIPE for 2 months and then RI for a further 2 months
management of latent TB
rifampicin and isoniazid for 3 months or isoniazid for 6 months
how do we get malaria
plasmodium parasite from female anopheles mosquitos
what is the most severe form of malaria
P.falciparum as it can cross the blood brian barrier
how do we investigate malaria
blood film for microscopy or rapid diagnostic test
management of malaria
artemisinin-based combination therapy for 3 days
management of severe malaria
IM or IV artesunate until they can tolerate oral treatment
what is kwashiorkor
protein energy malnutrition from only having carbs resulting in oedema
what is marasmus
characterised by energy deficiency resulting in low body weight
what is needed for diagnosis of severe acute malnutrition (3)
mid-arm circumference <115mm
weight for height under 3SD
oedema of both feet
outpatient management of malnutrition
investigate cause
vit A
de-worm
ready to use therapeutic food
give examples of ready to use therapeutic food
peanut butter, dried milk, vitamins and minerals
what can cause secondary epilepsy
malaria, RTAs, meningitis, birth asphyxia
