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global migration Flashcards

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1
Q

name 2 states that were created in 1990

A
  • Estonia
  • Latvia
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2
Q

what is migration

A

Migration is the movement of people to an area or country

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3
Q

what is population change

A

the balance of the number being born (birth rate) and the number dying (death rate), the number moving in (immigration) and the number moving out (emigration)

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4
Q

what is net migration

A

difference in the number of people moving permanently into and out of an area

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5
Q

what is immigration

A

in - migration of people into a country which involves permanent change of residence

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6
Q

what is emigration

A

out - migration of people from a country which involves permanent change of residence

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7
Q

what are refugess

A

a person who has moved outside of a country of his/her nationality or usual domain because of genuine fear of prosecution or death

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8
Q

what are asylum seeker

A

a person who seeks entry to another country by claiming to be a refugee

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9
Q

what is economic migrant

A

a person who moves for another country of region or place, involving a permanent or semi -permanent change of residence, to improve their standard of living or job oppurtunities

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10
Q

what is economic migrant

A

a person who moves for another country o region or place, involving a permanent or semi -permanent change of residence, to improve their standard of living or job opportunities

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11
Q

what are inter - regional flows

A

migration of large number of people between different regions of the world e.g. Europe to north America

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12
Q

what are intra - regional flows

A

migration of large numbers of people within the regions of the world e.g. England to Wales

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13
Q

what is illegal migration

A

migration with no government permissions, no documentation which usually limits right to work

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14
Q

what are migrant remittances

A

money transferred from one country to another sent home by migrants to their family, friends and communities

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15
Q

what are diasporas

A

the spread of an ethnic or national group from their home land e.g. jews from Israel or |Kurds from Kurdistan

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16
Q

state 3 key intra regional flows

A
  • large amount of migration from the Mexico and Caribbean countries into America
  • a lot of movement of people in the Europe and a large amount of movement of people in the middle east
  • immigration from Syria to the middle eastern countries
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17
Q

how many people migrate from central America to north America

A

around 4 million

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18
Q

how many people migrate from south Asia to western Asia

A

around 4.5 million

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19
Q

how many people migrate from central Asia to eastern Europe

A

around 0.5 million

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20
Q

what is Lee’s model of migration

A
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21
Q

give 4 examples of what barrier there could be in inter - regional migration

A
  • mountains (physical barrier)
  • cost of migration (economic barriers)
  • the climate or weather of the destination country
  • language barriers
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22
Q

what is the human development index

A

it is a composite index, incorporating social and economic indicies for life expectancy education and GDP per capita

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23
Q

what pattern should one expect to find between level of socio - economic development and patterns of migration

A

a economically stable and developed country will have a large inflow of migrants, but won’t have much immigration or migrant remittances being sent to the country, the opposite is to be said of a developing country that is no as economically stable and developed

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24
Q

what is the trend with HDI and migrant remittances

A

the higher the HDI of a country the lower the number of migrant remittances is, whereas the higher the number of migrant remittances the lower the HDI of the country (this is applicable in most cases)

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25
Q

what is the brain drain

A

the emigration of highly trained or qualified people from a particular country.

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26
Q

who is the winner in the migration game

A

the winner tends to be the more economically stable country, these countries tend to be the destination countries as well, this means that there is large amount of economic growth that is coming into these countries this results in us seeing a large increase in the amount of wealth going into these given countries. this wealth is normally provided by the highly skilled workers of the source country meaning that they are loosing their main economic assess, however they gain some it back via remittances. but they loose out, as they can’t build there own stable economy due to loss of there most highly skilled workers to the economically stable country, causing what we call the positive feedback loop

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27
Q

how much of Nepal’s GDP is remittances from the middle east

A

21%

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28
Q

what is one of the most popular locations for migration and why

A

the middle east, due to the economic opportunities that are available and that it is nearby to some of the country where people want to seek a better life outside of their origin country

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29
Q

state 1 main interregional flows

A
  • highly skilled worker moving form China, India and Brazil to the USA, in the hope of finding work which has large economic rewards so that they can send migrant remittances back to their country of origin
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30
Q

why has intra - regional migration become more common

A

people moving small distances in the sense that they are able to find a better quality life but they do not have to take the same risks as they would if they were moving inter regionally

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31
Q

which country has the highest proportion of migrant flows within the EU

A

Romania (93%)

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32
Q

which two areas have some freedom of movement across borders

A

South America and Europe

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33
Q

what flow, has the largest share of global migrant stock?

A

South-South (36%) (82.3 million migrants)

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34
Q

why do refuges contribute to a increase in these flows

A

more conflicts like the ones that are happening in Ukraine and Syria meaning that they are forced to flee this results in a problem as we can end up having two many people in one place thus resulting in a large increase in the amount of people going without nessesary resources

35
Q

state 4 reasons as to why we have seen a large amount of growth in the amount people migrating from South to South

A
  • more barriers for people attempting migrate globally these could be cost barriers or countries tightening there policies on migration
  • there is now opportunities for development in the south that there is in the due to increased accessibility and an increase in the amount of employment that is available
  • increased awareness of the potential for economic growth that is present in the west resulting in more people moving to these given areas in order to reap the rewards, due to increased communication services etc.
  • the cost saving of moving to a south country, out ways the benefits of moving to more distant country that may be economically more stable and rich
36
Q

how many refugees are there in 2015

A

19.5 million (compared to 15.7 million in 2012)

37
Q

summarise Pakistan’s emigration policy

A
  • aims to promote emigration and helps to safeguard migrants
  • promotes the idea that the Pakistani man power should move abroad
  • positive steps, to encourage the use of women’s employment abroad
38
Q

summarise Canada’s immigration policy

A
  • to help to bring in more migrants
  • people who meet their job requirements (engineers and IT specialist, can receive a fast track visa to allow them to gain access to work in the country much quicker
  • they have agreed to take on 10,00 Syrian migrants over a 3 year period starting from 2015
39
Q

state 4 things that are key facts about the migrant flows between Portugal and Brazil

A
  • they both speak the same language
  • 30-40% of companies in Spain are investing in Brazilian companies to help to expand there economic growth
  • there are expected to be around 600,000 illegal migrants in Brazil
  • people move from Brazil to Portugal in order to escape the large amount of poverty that is present in Brazil
40
Q

state 4 things that are key facts about the migrant flows between Japan and Brazil

A
  • historic migrant link that goes back to the 1900s
  • 8,000 Japanese migrants have gone to Brazil
  • post the war the Japanese economy has started to boom and improve so there has been a large amount of return migration
  • due to the large amount of migrants temporary housing has become permanent
41
Q

state 4 things that are key facts about the migrant flows between Haiti and Brazil

A
  • there are over 1500 migrants from Haiti in Brazil that are being kept in a 300 people max housing area
  • the Brazilian government have made it easy for Haiti migrants to get a working visa
  • 8 million pounds has been invest in food for the Haiti migrants
  • they are giving out 1000 work visas a month to Haiti migrants
42
Q

what is larger the amount of immigration into Brazil or the amount of emigration from Brazil

A

there is a much larger amount of emigration of migrants from Brazil, as they leave in search of a much better and fulfilling life

43
Q

for more detail on the Brazil case study look in the booklet ( booklet 2B)

A

ok

44
Q

how many people have migrated to Europe

A

around 9-10 million people migrate to Europe

45
Q

state 4 advantage of using a scatter graph

A
  • it allows you to clearly see the differences between values
  • allows us to add a line of best fit
  • allows us to find and identify key trends in the date
  • shows correlation of the data sets
46
Q

why do we see the pattern, of countries that have higher HDI having less migrant remittances

A

due to the high quality of living there is no need for people to migrate in order to find work however, in areas of higher migrant remittances the HDI tends to be lower, due to people leaving to find a better quality of life both economically and socially

47
Q

how many migrant workers where there in 2019 and what percentage of the worlds workforce where they

A

169 million (5%)

48
Q

what flows of ideas can be taken by migrants, state 2

A
  • cultures and foods can be taken to the destination country ( example could be proper Italian restaurants in the UK
  • migrant workers bring different skills and ideas to the host countries
49
Q

state 2 examples of migrant flows of people

A
  • in 2019 there were 6.1 million studying outside of their country of origin
  • migrants from sources to host countries with intention of going there for study (university, school etc.
50
Q

state 2 examples of migrants flows of money

A

-131 billion migrant remittances have been sent from the USA back to source countries
- migrants, becoming tax payers in the destination/ host country

51
Q

state 2 examples of migrant flows of technology

A
  • able to communicate with family from you source country
  • able to send back migrant remittances thanks to online transfer
52
Q

state 2 examples of economical development in Brazil

A
  • $750,000 has been given to help support the overloaded health service
  • has given $500,000 to help go towards preserving the amazon rainforest
53
Q

state 2 examples of political stability in Brazil

A
  • a membership with Mercosur, means a flow of trade as well as possible labour opportunities coming into the country
  • a leading member of Mercosur, and plays an important role in the running of this organisation
54
Q

state 2 examples of social inequality in Brazil

A
  • as stated by UNESCO there are said to be inequalities between different ethnic groups within Brazil
  • inequalities are present, where poverty is present in rural areas the most
55
Q

what are push factors

A

negative attributes of a migrants place of origin, which fore a migrant to leave

56
Q

what are pull factors

A

positive attributes of a place or destination which attracts migrants

57
Q

what does a greater level of development mean, in terms of migration

A

means more migrants, are attracted to the area

58
Q

what are the four types of flows, that can occur, because of migration

A
  • flow of people
  • flows of ideas
  • flows of money
  • flows of technology
59
Q

what happens to the developmental growth of the source country

A

remittances, that are sent home by the migrants can contribute as much as 25% of that country’s GDP

60
Q

who is the winner and who is the loser in the migration game, the source country or the host country?
discuss

A
61
Q

have the impacts of migration changed over time?

A
62
Q

how much of Nepal’s GDP, is remittances from the middle east

A

21%

63
Q

what is an example of migration routes and why is this happening here

A
  • migration from Burkina Faso, to the Ivory Coast
  • Burkina Faso is a low income country, with $684 GDP
  • Ivory Coast is a neighbouring country, with a $1529 GDP, making it a low risk move for people.
64
Q

how many refugees are their worldwide and how has this changed

A
  • 15.7 million in 2012 and 19.5 million in 2015
65
Q

where is the biggest source and biggest host of refugees? suggest why this is the biggest host

A

Syria is the largest source, due to people fleeing because of the conflict, also turkey is the largest host country, due to being close to these war torn countries

66
Q

when was the global financial crisis

A

2008

67
Q

how many illegal migrant’s are there searching for job opportunities in Brazil

A

around 600,000

68
Q

by how much did Brazil’s economy rise in 2008

A

by 7.5%

69
Q

how many Japanese migrants are there that are moving to Brazil

A

8,000

70
Q

how many migrants have come from Haiti to Brazil

A

around 25,000

71
Q

how much money has Brazil invested in food for the Haiti migrants

A

£8 million

72
Q

suggest why, there is a large flow of migrants, that are moving towards, the USA, China and Japan (immigration)

A
  • moving to AC countries, due to the economic benefits that are present.
  • net moment of people of out Brazil, due to finding better jobs and quality of living
73
Q

suggest why there is a large amount of immigration from Portugal to Brazil

A
  • due to cultural and language similarities
  • some high skilled workers, may be coming in order to take the limited jobs that pay well in Brazil)
74
Q

suggest why there is a large amount of immigration from Portugal to Brazil

A
  • due to cultural and language similarities
75
Q

why is there a level of interdependence between Brazil and Portugal

A
  • a bilateral relationship, that is built on a social, political and economic basis
  • Language and ancestor ties, help to keep this relationship as migrant flows
76
Q

why is there a level of interdependence between Brazil and Haiti

A
  • the Brazilian immigration council, allows Haitian migrants to easily obtain visas
  • by doing so, they are reducing the migrants vulnerability to trafficking networks
  • allows the migrants, to find jobs and opportunities in Brazil and start a new life due to the devastating earthquakes, that have taken place in Haiti
77
Q

why is there a level of interdependence, between Brazil and the USA

A
  • have important links, in terms of socio - economic and political links
  • the highly skilled Brazilian workers are able to migrate to the USA in order to obtain the high skilled labour, that is able to pay good money
  • one example of helping, is the USA teaching the indigenous people, how to combat the wildfires that they may potentially face.
  • some sharing of culture, due to migrants going to the given country, then coming back taking with them the food and culture that they have learnt
78
Q

how has migration in to Brazil, caused economic development

A
  • ## waves of immigration from different places, provide Brazil with a steady supply of the work force that they need.
79
Q

suggest one benefit and drawback, of a country having large levels of migrant remittances

A
  • if a large amount of money. is sent back it increase the economy of the origin country
  • by having remittances, your brain power has moved abroad (brain drain) FF
80
Q

what is a possible 16 marker

A

the greatest challenges within the global migration system, are faced by LIDCs’. discuss.

81
Q
A
82
Q
A
83
Q
A

geography A level (32 decks)

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