Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Introduction to International Organisations > Global Health > Flashcards

Global Health Flashcards

1
Q

global health governance
history

A

goes back to the 19th century
- 1851: International Sanitary Conference in Paris (to prevent spread of contentious decease)
- 1903: International Sanitation Convention (first international treaty regarding health + provided basis for IO
- 1907 Rome Agreement: Office International d’Hygiene Publique (first international bureaucracy concerning health)
- 1920 League of Nations Health Organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

WHO

A

1948
UN Specialized Agency
outgrown of the League of Nations Health Organization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

League of Nations Health Organization

A
  • mostly research
  • controlled mostly by technical experts (medics) rather than diplomats
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

role of US in WHO

A

role as hegemon has been influential in the creation of the WHO

*also Brazil really influential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

global health regime: a fragmented field

A

immensely fragmented field
Hard to place decision making at one specific place/actor

  • national health ministries
  • WHO
  • other IOs: WTO, UN HRC, UNICEF)
  • informal organizations
  • public-private partnerships
  • philanthropic foundations
  • pharmaceutical companies

Why so many actors?
- Health research is expensive, states don’t have/want to give the money

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

WHO structure

A

194 members
- World Health Assembly (plenary body, pooled sovereignty)
- Executive Board (34 members for 3 years)
- Director General + Secretariat (daily activities)
- 6 regional offices = highly decentralized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do politics come into play in the executive board of the WHO

A

Was meant as a technical body with technical experts

political aspect:
- at least 3 members should be of the UNSC

Became more and more political:
- countries send diplomats rather than technical experts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

decentralized WHO structure

A

6 regional offices have grown historically
- there was already a regional body dealing with health in the Americas, this has been integrated in the WHO
- kept some freedom/autonomy -> decentralized/complicated (not al regions, bodies of the WHO have an equal say)
- each regional office submits a candidate for Regional Director to the Executive Board

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WHO: rule-making
3

A
  • conventions (can’t opt out, not many)
  • regulations (members can opt out)
  • recommendations and non-binding standards

the WHO is a rule-making organization: it shapes the legal regime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

WHO conventions
2

A

are legally binding, once they are ratified

WHO has 1 convention: Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (2005)
- 178 state parties

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

WHO regulations
6

A
  • in 5 enumerated areas
  • adopted by the assembly, applied to all members by a specific deadline
  • legally binding for states that did not file a reservation or opted out
  • 1951 International Sanitary Regulations
  • 1969 International Health Regulations (IHR)
    *both these require reporting by states of outbreaks etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

WHO Recommendations and non-binding standards

A

(soft law)
- can have an important impact on domestic law: when the WHO adopts a recommendation, member states have to domestically make a law on this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

balancing WHO

A
  • requests from member states and other stakeholders
  • technical and scientific work
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

WHO Air Quality Guideline
4

A
  • 2021
  • not legally binding
  • content: all air pollution can be dangerous for held
  • EU implemented much higher thresholds than the WHO
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

WHO response global health crises

A

2003 SARS: travel restrictions pretty much right away, reformed the International Health Regulations (2005)

2014 Ebola: accused of responding to slow as it didn’t want to harm the economies of countries

2019/2020 Covid-19: balancing act between acquiring epidemiological information through WHO mission and enforcing PHEIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Reformed International Health Regulations

A

2005
-> public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC)

  • hasn’t always worked well: tension free trade and world health
17
Q

One of the core dilemmas

A

trying to investigate in the country of origin requires kind treatment, but the WHO also wants to protect other countries (e.g by declaring PHEIC), which might insult the country of origin and cause the WHO to lose ability to research

18
Q

WHO activities in global health crises

A
  • providing personal protective equipment
  • issuing guidelines for disease management (e.g. what needs to be done in labs and clinics)
  • providing test kits to developing countries
  • collecting and pooling information on clinical trials
  • coordinating the growing number of institutions engaged in health related actions
19
Q

budget WHO

A

assessed contributions stable

budget overall has increased through voluntary contributions
- primarily earmarked
- Germany, Bill and Melinda Gates, US, EU, WB, UK etc. biggest financiers

20
Q

WHO Sustainable Financing Reform

A

2022

Sustainable Financing Group
- report adopted by WHO Assembly in May 2022

goal to increase assessed contributions to 50% by 2030 -> balance assessed and voluntary contributions

this year: 20% assessed contributions (before it was 10%)

21
Q

the health governance agenda is broadened:

A
  • multiple voices
  • new money and institutional complexity
  • wider concerns
  • from health governance to governance for health
22
Q

3 types public-private partnerships global health

A
  • concerned with providing finance
  • focusing on advocacy and coordination for specific heath issues
  • those concerned with product development
23
Q

WHO definition of health

A

(defined by the preamble):
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

  • the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition
24
Q

WTO and global health

A

Involved with trade-limiting measures adopted for health protection purposes

only a few successful cases

25
Q

UN Human Rights Council (UN HRC) + Human Rights Treaty Bodies

A

access to determinants of health as a human right

26
Q

Council of Europe

A

focus on social development, ethical issues, and human rights (incl. health)

harmonization of specifications for medical substances through the Convention on the Elaboration of a European Pharmacopoeia and its protocols

27
Q

Technical collaboration IOs and lower income countries
-development

A
  1. provision of technical knowledge and skills in distinct technical areas
  2. building the institutional capacity of governments to plan and manage their own affairs
  3. set of very specific health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the late 1990s, led to more development assistance, new IOs, partnerships and alliances.

greater domestic technical and institutional capacity -> reduced need for international assistance ->
- no need for development frameworks, countries will increasingly request help a la carte
- IOs will have a growing role in facilitating technical collaboration between developing countries

28
Q

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

A

OECD e.g. provides funding for the organisations in the Global Health System

weakening financial support from traditional OECD government donors ->
- non-state financiers major contributors
- growing interest in innovative financing

Introduction to International Organisations (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions