global environment change, pollution, biodversity, climate change Flashcards
Which of the following is not an effect of pesticides? A Reduce impact of weeds and pests B Improved harvests C More storage losses D Control of diseases
OPTION C IS FALSE
pesticides cause fewer storage losses
characteristics of chronic pollution?
Low-level input into the environment, Occurs continuously or in frequent pulses, NOT caused by a point source, The environment is constantly under stress and Ecosystems don’t have the opportunity to recove
Herbicides such as 2,4-dichloriphenoxyacetic acid are what type of pesticide?
Organochlorine
Chlorophenoxy
Organophosphates
Chlorophenoxy - broken down in soil in a number of days and resembles plant auxins
What are the sea level rise predictions for 2030 and 2050 according to the IPCC?
12 - 50 cm
indirect use ecosystem process?
Provisioning, Cultural, Educational, Supporting, Regulating
Which gas is the major contributor to the greenhouse effect?
co2 but CH4 is potent
> 25x more effective at absorbing susn energy
characteristic of acute pollution?
Occurs when a large amount of waste matter enters the environment, Usually from a point source so (accidental) one-off event, Commonly has a toxic effect on biota, After event ecosystem begins to recover and return to original situation
What is the type of pesticide that resembles that remains in environment for a long time?
Organochlorine - DDT, aldrin
Chlorophenoxy - herbicides
Organophosphates - carbamates, malthion
Organochlorine e.g DDT affected pereguine flacon = thinner shelled eggs and smaller population as it bioaccumulated
Movement of warm water from Americas to Australia describes what conditions?
No upwelling of cold, nutrient rich water describes which conditions?
Normal conditions
el nino
A sewage outlet is an example of what type of pollution source?
a Point source
Which of the following statements most accurately defines global environmental change?
Human introduction of substances into the earths atmosphere
Planetary-scale changes in the earth system
Variation in ecosystems over the whole planet
Planetary-scale changes in the earth system
The number of different species, consisting of both species richness and species evenness defines what term?
species diversity
What is the definition of genetic diversity?
total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species
example of direct use biodiversity?
food, medicine, biofuel, ecotourism
Which of these is not a cause of extinction? Habitat fragmentation Human overpopulation Deforestation Biomagnification
OPTION D
uses concetration factors to measure bioaccumulation . if CF more than 1 then bioaccumulation has occured
Which of these pesticides remains in the environment for the longest time?
Organochlorine
Chlorophenoxy
Organophosphates
organochlorine
A synergistic effect of pollutants means that…
A Cumulative effects of each pollutant can be added together to give an overall effect
B pollutants combine so that effects are greater than what would be expected (like resistance in parallel)
C one pollutant can cancel out or reduce the effect of another
OPTION B
A- additive effect
C- antagonistic efffect
synetgistic is more POTENT/ greater environemntal effect than addtivr
What is the temperature difference between cities and rural areas?
cities 1-3 degrees warmer
In rural areas, solar energy consumed by evaporation of water from vegetation and soil.
Cities have less vegetation and exposed soil so suns energy absorbed by buildings
What is the current main driver of global environmental change? Volcanism Changes in earths orbit Plate tectonics Growing human population Solar variation
due to the increased demand for energy, food, goods, services etc
Which of the following statements defines direct use value?
A Does not concern our use of the environment, its resources and/or services
B Derives from the many functions biodiversity performs in providing services critical to human wellbeing
C Derived from role of biological resources in consumption and production
OPTIION C food, medicine, biocontrol
a- non use
b- indirect
Spiritual and recreational benefits are examples of what type of ecosystem service?
Provisioning
Regulating
Supporting
Cultural
CULTURAL
What is a primary microplastic?
Derived from breakdown of larger plastic debris
Manufactured, direct result of human material and product use
manufactured
Which of the following is a characteristic of an invasive species A Slow growth B No prior successful invasion history C high dispersal activity D Live on narrow range of food types E unable to rapidly adapt
option C!!
there are ways to quantify pollution e.g Lethal dose and Lethal concentration : what is lethal dose?
The single dose of a chemical that will kill 50% of the animals when directly applied.
The single dose of a chemical that will kill 75% of the animals when directly applied.
The single dose of a chemical that will kill 100% of the animals when directly applied.
OPTION A
- lethal concetration is the concetration that kills 50%
Fertiliser run-off is an example of what type of pollution source? Point source Multi-source Seeping Spreading
SEEPING
> spreading would be in the air - smoke?/ volcano
Pesticides are an example of what type of pollution?
acute or chronic
chronic e.g DDT accumualated in peregrine falcon affecting their horomine metabolism= caclium levels
> thinner egg shells
Define gamma diversity
Total species diversity in a landscape and is determined by alpha & beta diversity
The mean species diversity in sites/ habitats at a more local scale
The difference between these habitats
option a
> is determined by alpha & beta diversity
B - alpha diveristy
C - beta diveristy
how can we measure diversity?
use Diveristy index to find D and the recpricol index (1/D) to find it
if the species diverity index is higher = diversity increases
what does the (1/D) increase tell us?
recriprocal index increases with species evenness
A biodiversity hotspot is defined as an area that has what? High species richness High endemism High conservation value All of the above
all of the aboovve
> important in conservation as it can support 60% of species
endemic- only found in or restricted to that area
The total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species describes what term? Genetic diversity Genetic variability Species diversity Species variability
OPTION A
this is genetic diversity
> haha tricked you there with the species
Which hypothesis states that ‘the ecosystem function changes as the number of species increases or decreases’?
Which hypothesis states that ‘some species are a key species and play a vital role’?
Rivet hypothesis
Redundant species hypothesis
Idiosyncratic hypothesis
redundant species hypotheiss
rivet - each species contributes
idiosynchronatic - no relation between speices and ecological function
what are some NATURAL causes to climate change?
solor activity (sunspots)
earths orbit/ milankovitch cycles
continential drift affecting ocean currents
Pollutants that land on the earth are known as...? Wet deposition Dry deposition Dry particles Earth pollutant
OPTION C
> if pollutants fall in the rain this is wet deposition
Oil is an example of what type of pollution?
acute or chronic
ACUTE
as a large amout enters the environment having a toxic effect on biota
90% sunlight is blocked in oil spills inhibiting photosynthesis
e.g. niger delta
how do c3, c4 and CAM plants respond to global climate change?
c3 = more productive, increased p/s, more water efficient BUT insect development slower as plants less nutrient rich
> c3 40% efficinent, c4 20% efficient
