global environment change, pollution, biodversity, climate change

Question 1

Which of the following is not an effect of pesticides?
A Reduce impact of weeds and pests	
B Improved harvests	
C More storage losses
D Control of diseases

Answer 1

OPTION C IS FALSE

pesticides cause fewer storage losses

Question 2

characteristics of chronic pollution?

Answer 2

Low-level input into the environment, Occurs continuously or in frequent pulses, NOT caused by a point source, The environment is constantly under stress and Ecosystems don’t have the opportunity to recove

Question 3

Herbicides such as 2,4-dichloriphenoxyacetic acid are what type of pesticide?

Organochlorine
Chlorophenoxy
Organophosphates

Answer 3

Chlorophenoxy - broken down in soil in a number of days and resembles plant auxins

Question 4

What are the sea level rise predictions for 2030 and 2050 according to the IPCC?

Answer 4

12 - 50 cm

Question 5

indirect use ecosystem process?

Answer 5

Provisioning, Cultural, Educational, Supporting, Regulating

Question 6

Which gas is the major contributor to the greenhouse effect?

Answer 6

co2 but CH4 is potent

> 25x more effective at absorbing susn energy

Question 7

characteristic of acute pollution?

Answer 7

Occurs when a large amount of waste matter enters the environment, Usually from a point source so (accidental) one-off event, Commonly has a toxic effect on biota, After event ecosystem begins to recover and return to original situation

Question 8

What is the type of pesticide that resembles that remains in environment for a long time?
Organochlorine - DDT, aldrin
Chlorophenoxy - herbicides
Organophosphates - carbamates, malthion

Answer 8

Organochlorine e.g DDT affected pereguine flacon = thinner shelled eggs and smaller population as it bioaccumulated

Question 9

Movement of warm water from Americas to Australia describes what conditions?

No upwelling of cold, nutrient rich water describes which conditions?

Answer 9

Normal conditions

el nino

Question 10

A sewage outlet is an example of what type of pollution source?

Answer 10

a Point source

Question 11

Which of the following statements most accurately defines global environmental change?
Human introduction of substances into the earths atmosphere
Planetary-scale changes in the earth system
Variation in ecosystems over the whole planet

Answer 11

Planetary-scale changes in the earth system

Question 12

The number of different species, consisting of both species richness and species evenness defines what term?

Answer 12

species diversity

Question 13

What is the definition of genetic diversity?

Answer 13

total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species

Question 14

example of direct use biodiversity?

Answer 14

food, medicine, biofuel, ecotourism

Question 15

Which of these is not a cause of extinction?
Habitat fragmentation
Human overpopulation
Deforestation
Biomagnification

Answer 15

OPTION D

uses concetration factors to measure bioaccumulation . if CF more than 1 then bioaccumulation has occured

Question 16

Which of these pesticides remains in the environment for the longest time?
Organochlorine
Chlorophenoxy
Organophosphates

Answer 16

organochlorine

Question 17

A synergistic effect of pollutants means that…
A Cumulative effects of each pollutant can be added together to give an overall effect

B pollutants combine so that effects are greater than what would be expected (like resistance in parallel)

C one pollutant can cancel out or reduce the effect of another

Answer 17

OPTION B
A- additive effect
C- antagonistic efffect

synetgistic is more POTENT/ greater environemntal effect than addtivr

Question 18

What is the temperature difference between cities and rural areas?

Answer 18

cities 1-3 degrees warmer
In rural areas, solar energy consumed by evaporation of water from vegetation and soil.
Cities have less vegetation and exposed soil so suns energy absorbed by buildings

Question 19

What is the current main driver of global environmental change?
Volcanism 
Changes in earths orbit
Plate tectonics
Growing human population
Solar variation

Answer 19

due to the increased demand for energy, food, goods, services etc

Question 20

Which of the following statements defines direct use value?
A Does not concern our use of the environment, its resources and/or services
B Derives from the many functions biodiversity performs in providing services critical to human wellbeing
C Derived from role of biological resources in consumption and production

Answer 20

OPTIION C food, medicine, biocontrol

a- non use
b- indirect

Question 21

Spiritual and recreational benefits are examples of what type of ecosystem service?
Provisioning

Regulating

Supporting

Cultural

Answer 21

CULTURAL

Question 22

What is a primary microplastic?
Derived from breakdown of larger plastic debris
Manufactured, direct result of human material and product use

Answer 22

manufactured

Question 23

Which of the following is a characteristic of an invasive species
A Slow growth
B No prior successful invasion history
C high dispersal activity
D Live on narrow range of food types
E unable to rapidly adapt

Answer 23

option C!!

Question 24

there are ways to quantify pollution e.g Lethal dose and Lethal concentration : what is lethal dose?

The single dose of a chemical that will kill 50% of the animals when directly applied.

The single dose of a chemical that will kill 75% of the animals when directly applied.

The single dose of a chemical that will kill 100% of the animals when directly applied.

Answer 24

OPTION A

• lethal concetration is the concetration that kills 50%

Question 25

``` Fertiliser run-off is an example of what type of pollution source? Point source Multi-source Seeping Spreading ```

Answer 25

SEEPING > spreading would be in the air - smoke?/ volcano

Question 26

Pesticides are an example of what type of pollution? | acute or chronic

Answer 26

chronic e.g DDT accumualated in peregrine falcon affecting their horomine metabolism= caclium levels > thinner egg shells

Question 27

Define gamma diversity Total species diversity in a landscape and is determined by alpha & beta diversity The mean species diversity in sites/ habitats at a more local scale The difference between these habitats

Answer 27

option a > is determined by alpha & beta diversity B - alpha diveristy C - beta diveristy

Question 28

how can we measure diversity?

Answer 28

use Diveristy index to find D and the recpricol index (1/D) to find it

Question 29

if the species diverity index is higher = diversity increases what does the (1/D) increase tell us?

Answer 29

recriprocal index increases with species evenness

Question 30

``` A biodiversity hotspot is defined as an area that has what? High species richness High endemism High conservation value All of the above ```

Answer 30

all of the aboovve > important in conservation as it can support 60% of species endemic- only found in or restricted to that area

Question 31

``` The total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species describes what term? Genetic diversity Genetic variability Species diversity Species variability ```

Answer 31

OPTION A this is genetic diversity > haha tricked you there with the species

Question 32

Which hypothesis states that 'the ecosystem function changes as the number of species increases or decreases'? Which hypothesis states that 'some species are a key species and play a vital role'? Rivet hypothesis Redundant species hypothesis Idiosyncratic hypothesis

Answer 32

redundant species hypotheiss rivet - each species contributes idiosynchronatic - no relation between speices and ecological function

Question 33

what are some NATURAL causes to climate change?

Answer 33

solor activity (sunspots) earths orbit/ milankovitch cycles continential drift affecting ocean currents

Question 34

``` Pollutants that land on the earth are known as...? Wet deposition Dry deposition Dry particles Earth pollutant ```

Answer 34

OPTION C | > if pollutants fall in the rain this is wet deposition

Question 35

Oil is an example of what type of pollution? | acute or chronic

Answer 35

ACUTE as a large amout enters the environment having a toxic effect on biota 90% sunlight is blocked in oil spills inhibiting photosynthesis e.g. niger delta

Question 36

how do c3, c4 and CAM plants respond to global climate change?

Answer 36

c3 = more productive, increased p/s, more water efficient BUT insect development slower as plants less nutrient rich > c3 40% efficinent, c4 20% efficient