GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE NUMBERS AND CHECKLIST Flashcards
What is the global burden of disease for malaria?
- Endemic to 85 countries (Half of the world’s population is at risk)
- The COVID-19 pandemic has affected malaria control (caused increases in infection)
No of cases:
- 2015-19:
- 224-227 million annual infections which was stable
- In 2020 this increased to approx 240 million infections (due to the burden of COVID-19)
No of deaths:
- 2015-19: 560 000 deaths
- 2020: 630 000 deaths
Describe the age standardised incidence of malaria
Study from Liu 2021
- Globally, the malaria Age-standerdised incidence rate (ASR) decreased by 0.80% between 1990 to 2019
- The incidence rate of children under 5 was higher than other age groups.
- After 2015, the ASRs in high-middle, middle and low-middle Socio-demographic Index regions began to rise and the uptrends remained in 2019
What is the global burden of mental illness?
In 2014, 45% of the world’s population lived in a country where there was less than one psychotherapist t oserve 100 000 people
Globally, there are 7.7 nurses working in mental health per 100 000
- YDLS: Global burden of mental illness accounts for 32% of YDLs and
- DALYS: 13% of DALYS
Afghanistan:
- 1 mental hospital. No facilities for children. 1 day treatment in the country.
- 2.61 hospital admissions
Sierra Leone:
- 1 mental hospital. No day treatments. No under 18 facilities. No physchiatric beds.
What is the global burden of TB?
- In 2020:
- 10 million cases of TB per year
- 1.3 million deaths not HIV+ deaths
- 27% reduction from 2000
- Plus 240 000 HIV+ve deaths coinfection
- 60% reduction since 2000
- 1/3 of the world is latently infected
- 45 million DALYS since 2017
- 8.2% of cases of TB, are people who are coinfected
Gender biases:
- Men 57% of all cases
- Female underreporting
Unequal global distribution
- (44% SE Asia)
- 24%- SSA
- 8 countries account for 2/3s of TB cases
- India, china, bangladesh, pakistan, nigeria, indonesia,
What are the global incidence rates for TB?
What are the prevalence rates for TB with HIV ?
Around southern Africa (south Africa)
- S. Africa – co-infection rates HIV + TB = >50%
- Risk of developing TB in the 37million PLHIV
- x20 higher than rest of people
Rates are declining due to population increase
Old soviet states as well: Little healthcare, therefore prisoners would cough TB on their blankets to gain privilages.
What is the global cases of MDR-TB
- •465,000 cases +110,00 RR-TB
- •240,000 deaths (mostly in Asia) - death rate!!!
- •Globally 3.3% of new incident TB are MDR-TB (drug resistant)
- In most cases of MDR-TB, 90% will be latent TB to be stored in the hosts body for 20 years, only to be reactivated
- •18% of previously treated TB are MDRTB
- •47% of MDR-TB cases worldwide occur in
- China, Russia Federation and India
- •~ 50% treatment success rate ?! Improving
- •Oblasts and Republics of former Soviet Union –
- -Highest proportion of new TB cases as MDRTB:
- 23.8–28.3%
- -61% of previously treated TB are MDRTB
What is the global burden of XDR-TB ?
•6.2% of MDR-TB cases are XDR-TB - global average
•8000 new cases reported in 2016
- Eight countries reported XDR-TB in >10% of MDR-TB
- six of these countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
- To date, 121 countries - at least one case of XDR-TB
Global Burden of CVD
Global burden of disease study 1990-2019
- CVD cases rose from 270 to 523 million per year
- CVD deaths rose from 12 to 18 million per year
- DALYS, YLLs and YLDs all increased
DALYS: 1990-2019
- increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million to 34.4 million
Global burden of diease for obesity?
2017
high BMI caused 2.4 million deaths and 70 million DALYs in Females
2.3 million deaths and 77 million DALYs in males
Between 1990 and 2017, despite the fact that the age-standardized rate of high-BMI-related DALYs increased by only 12.7% for females and 26.8% for males, the global number of high-BMI-related DALYs has more than doubled for both sexes.
Cardiovascular disease was the leading cause of high-BMI-related DALYs, followed by diabetes
Global burden of diabetes
- •Diabetes increasing rapidly worldwide in every country
- 2017: 327 million cases
- 2045: 430 million between ages of 20 and 64
- •80% of adult cases reside in LMIC
- •Younger age – half are aged 40-50
- •Up to half undiagnosed with DM
- Type 2 diabetes prevalence among Qataris was projected to increase from 16.7% in 2012 to 24.0% by 2050, an increase of 43%
High due to calorific intakes (e.g. in 1971 to 1997 syrua, calory intakes rose by 40%)
DALYS: increased by 80% since 2000
an age-standardised rate of 801.5 DALYs per 100,000
What is the global burden of disease of environmental related disorders?
DALYS: 602 MILLION DALYS
Global burden of disease: HIV
38 million people are currently living with HIV in 2020
100 000 people are living with HIV in the UK
1.5 million deaths (31% decrease since 2010)
680 000 deaths (47% decrease since 2010)
What is the global burden of diarrhoeal diseases
- In 2017, ~ 1.6 million people died from diarrheal diseases globally
- one-third were children under five years old.
- For past three decades under-5s have accounted for the majority of deaths from diarrheal diseases – back in 1990 it killed 1.7 million children.
- 6.9 million children die before their fifth birthday
- 1.7 billion cases of diarrhoeal disease every year
- •leading cause of malnutrition in children under five years old
- •Among the top 10 causes of DALY globally
- impact on child development (physical and cognitive)
- •Each year diarrhoea kills around 525,000 children under five
- •In Southeast Asia and Africa,
- responsible for ~ 8.5% and ~ 7.7% of all deaths, respectively
- •Worldwide, 780 million individuals lack access to improved drinking-water and 2.5 billion lack improved sanitation.
What is the global burden of disease for Giardiasis (INFECTIOUS DIARRHOEAL DISEASE)
- •community-based surveys - >10% of all diarrhoea episodes in children - due to G. lamblia
- •~ ¼ of the people infected at any given time.
- •Multiple episodes in 1st 5 years of life (little acquired protective immunity)
- estimated incidence worldwide is ~ 2.8 million cases p.a. Often occurs in outbreaks
- worldwide; high rates in St Petersburg, Russia and E.Europe;
travellers returning from India, East and West Africa, and parts of Middle East , Canada ( beavers
- Global burden of disease of shigellosis and ETEC E.coli
- Global Enteric Multi-center Study (GEMS)- identified the etiology and population-based burden of paediatric diarrheal disease in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia.
- ETEC (ST-toxin) and Shigella were among the top four enteric pathogens across different locations and age ranges
- •Although diarrhoeal mortality remains unacceptably high, it is decreasing by ~ 4% p.a.
- •Disease incidence is declining more modestly.
- •cause 1/3rd of ~500,000 child deaths from diarrhoea p.a.
- Millions more are hospitalized- dehydration and malnutrition
- 5 – 14 age group - 100 million episodes p.a.
- Shigella and ETEC -responsible for 15 million DALYs p.a.
- 16% of all diarrhoea-associated DALYs
- 1.8 million “years lived with disability” (YLDs) (20 % of diarrhoea-associated YLDs).
