Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Global Health diseases > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cancer epidemic?

A

14 million new cases worldwide 2012

8.8 million deaths worldwide 2015
352,197 new cases in the UK 2013
No. of new cases to rise by 70% over 20 years
Over 60% of new cases and 70% of deaths occur in Africa, Asia and C and S America

A third of cases attributed to behavioural/dietary risks – smoking (biggest aetiological factor, a/c for 20% all global cancer deaths and 70% global lung cancer deaths), high BMI, low levels exercise, low fruit/veg intake, high EtOH

WHO target of 25% reduction of deaths from cancer and other NCD in people 30-69 yrs old by 2025

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are places in the body that cancer can occur?

A

Multiple cancers

over 200 types of cancers
Could metastasise

Affects different parts of the body Like:

CNS
Lungs
hepatobiliary
gastrointestinal
sarcoma
skin cancer & melanoma
gynaecologic
genitourinary
blood
breast
endocrine
head & neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the common features of cancers?

A

Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells

Sustaining proliferative signalling

Evading growth supressors

Activating invasion and metastasis

Enabling replicative immortality

Inducing angiogenesis

Resisting cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the biological classification of cancers?

A

Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Leukaemia
Lymphoma
Myeloma
Brain and spinal cord cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the clinical classification of cancers?

A

Stage: Early vs Advanced
Setting: Primary vs Metastatic

(Stages and settings are almost interchangable)

Grade: Low vs High
Treatment intention: Curable vs incurable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the treatment options for cancer?

A

Surgery

Chemotherapy (Adjuvant chemotherapy= given after surgery) Neoadjuvant chemotherapy= chemotherapy that a person receives before their primary care treatment course.

Radiotherapy

Hormone therapies (especially for breast and prostate cancer)

Targeted drugs (targets receptors)

Immunotherapy (could make the body’s immune system target the cancer)

Palliative treatment (if patient is in pain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the advances of cancers?

A

Personalised medicine
Targeted therapies
Immunotherapy
Vaccinations (against oncogenic viruses eg HPV. Antiretrovirals)

Stereotactic/gamma knife radiotherapy
Proton beam therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the Global Health successes to date?

A

Malaria

HIV/AIDs

Maternal health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are cancer-specific challenges

A

Heterogenous populations and patterns of disease

Specialised equipment

Sophisticated drugs

Policy

High cost (Cost – 2010 estimated total annual economic cost of Ca US$1.16 trillion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the most common Cancer sites worldwide by SEX, 2012

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are the most common cancers, through risk factors?

A
  1. North America= obesity
  2. Europe= Smoking
  3. Asia= tea
  4. N Africa
  5. SSA= HIV
  6. Australia = Sun
  7. S America= pollution/deforestation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In order, state the income group with the greatest percentage of over 65s (2013)

A
  1. HIC
  2. UMIC
  3. MIC
  4. LMIC
  5. LIC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the cost of some breast cancer drugs?

A
  1. TAC £6554/18 weeks
  2. Capecitabine £3150/year
  3. Lapatinib £20969
  4. TDM1 £90831/14 months
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some supportive therapies for breast cancer?

A

Filgratim £2,213 (no 1 chemotherapy drug. Have injections which boost bone marrow turnover. You must give prophylactically with high-risk patients/ if patient comes into A&E)

Aprepitant £285 (Strong antiemetic)

Ondansetron £259 (Antiemetic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Who are responsible for the global surveillance of cancer?

A

Incidence- collected by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)

Mortality-WHO

Survival-CONCORD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the details of the CONCORD-1 study?

A

•First worldwide analysis of Ca survival with standard quality-control and identical methods of analyses. Diagnosed with first primary Ca

  • First CONCORD study was perfomed in 2008
  • 1.9 million adults
  • Breast, Colon, Rectum, Prostate Cancer
  • Diagnosis 1990-1994
  • Follow-up 5-9 years
  • 31 countries (16 with national coverage)
  • First time data was collected in standard policy control

Use of individual tumour records from 101 popn-based Ca registries in 31 countries, 5 continents

Wide variation globally in survival from these cancers – generally higher in N America, Australia, Japan, W & S Europe – lower in Algeria, Brazil and Eastern europe.

Trends within countries too – survival for black men and women notable lower across tumour types in all 16 states included

17
Q

What are the details of the second CONCORD study? (CONCORD-2)

A
  • •Second CONCORD study in 2014
  • 25.7 million adults
  • Stomach, Colon, Rectum, Liver, Lung, Breast, Cervix, Ovary, Prostate, Leukaemia
  • 75,000 children with ALL (Acute lymphocytic leukaemia)

–Children 0-14

  • Diagnosis 1995-2009
  • Follow-up to at least Dec 2009
  • 67 countries (40 with national coverage) home 2/3 of world’s population
18
Q

What are the details of the CONDORD 3 study?

A
  • Most recent concord study
  • 37.5 million adults
  • 2000 – 2014
  • 18 commonest malignancies
  • 322 population-based cancer registries
  • 71 countries (47 with 100% population coverage)
19
Q

What are the results of the CONCORD-3 study?

A
  • 5 year net survival highest in USA, Canada, Australia, NZ, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden
  • Survival trends generally increasing
  • Including tumors with a poor prognosis (e.g. pancreatic cancer and liver cancer)

•International discrepancies persist: 5 year survival for Breast Cancer

–89.5% Australia

–90.2% USA

–66.1% India

Cancer registry is vital to assessing outcomes, and also impacts practice

20
Q

What are the rates of cervical cancer in Zambia?

A
  • Most common cancer in the adult population
  • Incidence of nearly 60 per 100 000 per year
  • Mortality is nearly 40 per 100 000 per year
  • HIV sero-prevalence rates is over 14%
    • This means that cervical cancer is associated with HIV
    • Also associated with HPV
  • There are limited diagnostics and access to treatment
    *
21
Q

What is the cervical cancer prevention programme zambia (CCPPZ)?

A
  • Zambia:
    • Some of the highest cervical cancer rates in the world
  • From 2006 to 2013
  • Lusaka; screening centres increased from 2 to 12
  • around 100 000 patients
  • 72% aged 25-49
  • 28% HIV+
  • •If you put acetic acid on the cervix, you can see areas of abnormal histology
    • It is a see and treat scheme
22
Q

What made the cercical cancer prevention programme zambia (CCPPZ) successful?

A
  • Dovetailed with existing HIV infrastructure
    • The clinics were set up in the same HIV infrastructure!
  • Linked Screening to Treatment
    • Quick!
  • Task shifting
    • You can train other people in the multidisciplinary team to perform treatment
  • Education and Monitoring
    • Through training other people, they get more practice and then they get better. They get monitored a lot
  • Utilising the Local Community
    • Village Elders, Town criers, local government
23
Q

What is the future of global oncology?

A
  • Public Health initiatives
    • smoking cessation, HPV vaccination,
  • Education
    • ‘Train the trainer’ and African virtual university
  • Peer mentorship
  • Novel use of technology
    • – virtual reality simulation surgical training
  • Workforce Planning
    • training and retaining local doctors, making use of the whole team – eg nurse-led initiatives

Global Health diseases (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions