Glaucoma Flashcards
Define glaucoma
a progressive narrowing of the visual field secondary to retinal ganglion cell death linked to various risk factors including elevated IOP and progressive optic nerve head cupping
______ analogs are drug of choice to treat glaucoma
prostaglandin
What are the 3 key targets of glaucoma treatment
- aqueous
- ciliary body
- trabeculum
when is M3 greater than M2
in the iris for meiosis, in the ciliary body to increase aqueous outflow and contraction
when is M2 greater than M3
in the cardiac system; decreases contractility and conduction
when is M2 = M3
respiratory system; bronchoconstriction
pancreatic system; acini secretion
parasympathetic agents stimulate ocular muscarinic receptors; there are no _____ receptors in the eye involved with IOP reduction
nicotinic
Sympathetic agents stimulate ocular alpha 1/2 receptors or inhibit ____2 receptos
beta
CAI’s inhibit CA in the _____ body
ciliary
PG analogs are pro inflammatory and act on _____ outflow
uveoscleral
Stimulating alpha 2 reduces ____ outflow
aqueous
Meiotic’s are para sympathetic memetic which ____ outflow
increase
What is angle closure glaucoma characterized by
- closed angle
- elevated IOP
- optic nerve damage with VF defects as common markers
- iridotrabecular apposition
- iriidotrabecular synechiae or both
what causes angle closure glaucoma
- clinical pathology
- anatomical predisposition
- age related changes
what are immediate goals of acute angle closure glaucoma
- lower IOP
- alleviate pain
- clear cornea
- prevent synechiae
what are drugs used to treat open angle glaucoma
- sympathomimetic agents
- sympatholytic agents
- parasympathomimetic agents
- CAIs
- prostaglandin analogs
all of the drugs that are used to treat open angle glaucoma are used to treat acute angle closure glaucoma except which one?
hyperosmotic agents
what are the hyper osmotic agents used for acute angle closure
- mannitol or urea
- glycerin
- isosorbide
which hyper osmotic agent is contraindicated for diabetics
glycerin
what are adverse reactions of hyper osmotic agents
- dehydration
- headache
- vomiting
- diarrhea
- confusion
- seizures
- hypervolemia (chest pain)
- renal stress
what are contraindications of hyper osmotic agents
- renal insufficiency
- coronary insufficiency
- pulomary congestion
- extreme dehydration
- intracranial hemorrhage
