glands

Question 1

what are glands?

Answer 1

epithelial cells that produce secretions

ectodermal origin

Question 2

what are the 2 types of gland?

Answer 2

endocrine-ducts
exocrine
-no ducts
-hormones go directly into blood

Question 3

describe endocrine glands

Answer 3

produce secretions(hormones) released into surrounding interstitial fluid then enter bloodstream
cam be:
part of epithelial surface such as lining of digestive tract
separate organs such as thyroid/pituitary gland
reg body functions & maintain homeostasis

Question 4

what are the 3 patterns of hormone secretion?

Answer 4

chronic eg thyroxine
episodic eg insulin
acute eg adrenaline

Question 5

describe humoral regulation of hormone secretion

Answer 5

blood-borne molecules

eg high glucose levels stimulate insulin secretion

Question 6

describe neural regulation of hormone secretion

Answer 6

neurons stimulate hormone secretion

eg SNS stimulates adrenaline release

Question 7

describe hormonal regulation of hormone secretion

Answer 7

hormone secretion stimulates another hormone to be secreted

eg hormones from pituitary stimulate testes to prod. testosterone

Question 8

what are the classes of hormones?

Answer 8

proteins & polypeptides
eg. pancreas, PTG, stored in cell after production
steroids
eg adrenal cortec, overies, placenta
-synthesized from cholesterol, not stored in cell
derivatives of aa tyrosine
adrenal medulla and thyroid

Question 9

describe the histology of the thyroid gland

Answer 9

follicular epithelium
thyroxine T4
tri-iodo-thyronine T3
colloid
C cells
parafollicular cells 
calcitonin

Question 10

describe the parathyroid gland

Answer 10

PTH
-acts on osteoclasts
hyperparathyroidism
calcium metabolism
calcitonin
PTH
vit. d

Question 11

describe the histology of the parathyroid gland

Answer 11

chief cells
synthesize and secrete PTH
oxyphil cells
clusters
transitional form of chief cells

Question 12

describe exocrine glands

Answer 12

secretions released through ducts that open onto epithelial surface(or directly to surface)

Question 13

what are the classifications of exocrine gland by structure?

Answer 13

unicellular glands
multicellular glands
-secretory sheet=simplest
-pockets of gland cells set back from epithelial surface

Question 14

what are the classifications of exocrine gland by method of secretion?

Answer 14

merocrine gland
-store secretions in vesicles
apocrine gland
-secretions in cells
holocrine gland
-secretions in cell-shed

Question 15

what are the 3 types of exocrine secretion?

Answer 15

serous
-watery containing enzymes
mucous
-mucins which hydrate to form mucous
mixed
-both

Question 16

what are the 3 major salivary glands?

Answer 16

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

Question 17

what glands are both exocrine and endocrine?

Answer 17

pancreas

Question 18

describe the pancreas

Answer 18

exocrine forms bulk, endocrine 2%
islets of Langerhans cells:
insulin-beta cells
glucagon-alpha-cells
somatostatin & gastrin-delta

Question 19

describe diabetes mellitus?

Answer 19

type 1:
insulin dependent
autoimmune
destruction of beta cells
type 2:
insulin resistant
tissues lose sensitivity to insulin

Question 20

what are the oral effects of diabetes?

Answer 20

periodontitis
dry mouth
susceptibility to infections

Question 21

what are some disorders of the endcrine system?

Answer 21

hypofunction
reduced hormone release
hyperfunction
excessive hormone release
diabetes
hormone resistance