Gilks Deck 3: AN, AUD, neuroanatomy etc. Flashcards
what changes in vitals are seen in AN
bradycardia
hypotension
hypothermia
syncope
what metabolic disturbance is seen on labs in AN
hypokalemia alkalosis
what metabolic disturbance is seen on labs in BN
hypochloremic hypokalemia alkalosis
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
sodium
low
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
growth hormone
elevated
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
estrogen
low
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
magnesium
low
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
cortisol
elevated
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
TSH
elevated
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
testosterone
low
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
FSH, LH
low
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
amylase
elevated
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
betacarotene
elevated
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
phosphate
low
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
liver enzymes
elevated
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
cholesterol
elevated
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
zinc
low
is the following elevated or low on blood work in AN:
T3/T4
low
what dermatological signs are there of AN
hair loss
lanugo hair
what cardiac signs are there of AN
long Qtc
arrhythmia
heart failure
peripheral edema
what GI signs are there of AN
constipation
bloating
what GU signs are there of AN
amenorrhea
infertilify
what CNS signs are there of AN
brain atrophy
cognitive impairment
seizure
death
what is the mortality of AN
5-18%
what BMI is considered extreme AN in the DSM 5
under 15
what BMI is considered mild AN in the DSM 5
17-18.5
what BMI is considered moderate AN in the DSM 5
16-17
what BMI is considered severe in the DSM 5
15-16
list criteria to consider for hospital admission in AN
very low weight (less than 75% ideal body weight) or rapid weight loss
bradycardia below 40bpm
orthostatic changes (>20bpm or 20mmHg)
hypothermia
cardiac instability i.e QTc above 450ms, arrhythmia, ischemia, CHF
hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hypophosphatemia, elevated Cr
seizure or stupor
psych emergency i.e SI
acute food refusal, uncontrolled binge/purge, pregnancy
what lab abnormalities would you expect to see in chronic AUD
- increased prothrombin time
- elevated AST and ALT in 2:1 AST:ALT ratio
- elevated GGT
- elevated CDT
- anemia (from bone marrow suppression)
- macrocytosis
- electrolyte abnormality
what malignancies might you expect to see in patients with chronic AUD
breast, oropharynx, GI
what medical complications might you expect to see in chronic AUD
GERD
gastritis
esiphagitis
pancreatitis
liver cirrhosis
pneumonia
peripheral neuropathy
what psych complications might you expect in patients with chronic AUD
anxiety
depression
sleep disturbance
suicidality
what are the four areas that might be targeted for OCD neurosurgery
dorsal anterior cingulotomy
subcaudate tractotomy
limbic leukotomy
what four areas may be targeted by DBS for depression
subcallosal cingulate gyrus (most common)
ventral capsule/ventral striatum
nucleus accumbens
medial forebrain
in which part of the brain does Tourette’s originate
basal ganglia
damage to what part of the brain results in Kluver-Bucy syndrome
medial temporal lobes
OCD is associated with hyperactivity in what part of the brain
DLPFC
what part of the brain is important in the reward pathways associated with addiction
nucleus accumbens
what would you expect to see on neuroimaging in the following disorder:
OCD
small caudate bilaterally
what would you expect to see on neuroimaging in the following disorder:
ADHD
reduced total brain volume
what would you expect to see on neuroimaging in the following disorder:
parkinsons
occipital hypoperfusion on FDG-PET
what would you expect to see on neuroimaging in the following disorder:
LBD
generalized cortical atrophy with SPARING of the medial temporal lobe
what would you expect to see on neuroimaging in the following disorder:
alzheimer’s
tempoparietal hypoperfusion on PET
cortical atrophy
what would you expect to see on neuroimaging in the following disorder:
depression
amygdala hyepractivity on fMRI
hippocampal atrophy
what would you expect to see on neuroimaging in the following disorder:
PTSD
amygdala hyperactivity
(hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex also affected but not sure how)
what would you expect to see on neuroimaging in the following disorder:
schizophrenia
small hippocampus
decreased cortical volume/gray matter
enlarged ventricles
what would you expect to see on neuroimaging in the following disorder:
tourettes
neuronal loss/degeneration in subthalamic nucleus
what would you expect to see on neuroimaging in the following disorder:
wilson’s
hyperintensity in basal ganglia on MRI
what would you expect to see on neuroimaging in the following disorder:
huntingtons
caudate atrophy
what would you expect to see on neuroimaging in the following disorder:
chronic alcoholism
atrophy of mamillary bodies
what would you expect to see on neuroimaging in the following disorder:
ASPD
prefrontal cortex hypoactivity
the following pattern on neuroimaging may suggest what disorder:
small caudate bilaterally
OCD
the following pattern on neuroimaging may suggest what disorder:
neuronal loss/degeneration in the subthalamic nucleus
tourettes
the following pattern on neuroimaging may suggest what disorder:
amygdala hyperactivity
either depression or PTSD
the following pattern on neuroimaging may suggest what disorder:
amygdala hyperactivity + hippocampal atrophy
depression
the following pattern on neuroimaging may suggest what disorder:
generalized cortical atrophy with sparing of medial temporal lobes
LBD
the following pattern on neuroimaging may suggest what disorder:
reduced total brain volume
ADHD
the following pattern on neuroimaging may suggest what disorder:
occipital hypoperfusion on FDG-PET
parkinsons
the following pattern on neuroimaging may suggest what disorder:
small hippocampus, decreased cortical volume/gray matter, enlarged ventricles
schizophrenia
the following pattern on neuroimaging may suggest what disorder:
prefrontal cortex hypoactivity
ASPD
the following pattern on neuroimaging may suggest what disorder:
caudate atrophy
huntingtons
the following pattern on neuroimaging may suggest what disorder:
atrophy of mamillary bodies
AUD
the following pattern on neuroimaging may suggest what disorder:
hyperintensity in basal ganglia on MRI
wilsons
list the cortical areas of the limbic system
cingulate cortex
orbitofrontal cortex
entorhinal cortex
hippocampus
fornix
list the subcortical areas of the limbic system
amygdala
list the diencephalic structures of the limbic system
hypothalamus
septal nuclei
mammillary bodies
anterior nuclei of the thalamus
what is the function of the following limbic system structure:
cingulate cortex
connects various structures via the cingulum, a nerve tract projecting from the cingulate gyrus to the entorhinal cortex
what is the function of the following limbic system structure:
orbitofrontal cortex
decision making
executive function
social cues
what is the function of the following limbic system structure:
entorhinal cortex
memory and associative components
what is the function of the following limbic system structure:
hippocampus
consolidation of new memories
what is the function of the following limbic system structure:
fornix
connects the hippocampus with the mammillary bodies and septal nuclei
what is the function of the following limbic system structure:
amygdala
emotional processing
what is the function of the following limbic system structure:
hypothalamus
CENTER OF THE LIMBIC SYSTEM
coordinates circadian rhythms, neuroendocrine outputs, homeostatic mechanisms, autonomic functions and some behaviours
controls the anterior pituitary via releasing hormones
contains many nuclei i.e SCN
what is the function of the following limbic system structure:
septal nuclei
pleasure
what is the function of the following limbic system structure:
mammillary bodies
part of the hypothalamis that receives signals from the hippocampus via the fornix and projects them to the thalamus
what is the function of the following limbic system structure:
anterior nuclei of the thalamus
memory processing
what are the overall functions of the basal ganglia
control of voluntary movement
procedural learning
habit learning
eye movements
cognition
emotion
list the components of the basal ganglia
striatum (dorsal and ventral)
globus pallidus
ventral pallidum
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus
what are two targets for DBS for parkinsons
subthalamic nucleus and/or globus pallidus
where would you find the highest concentration of dopamine receptors in the brain
in the caudate nucleus
what are the two parts of the dorsal striatum
caudate nucleus and putamen
what are the two parts of the ventral striatum
nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle
what part of the brain mediates cravings and the reward pathway
ventral tegmental area
which neurotransmitters are catecholamines
dopamine
norepinephrine
epinephrnie
which are the monoamine neurotransmitters
the catecholamines + serotonin + histamine
which are the biogenic amine neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
which neurotransmitters are amino acids
glutamate
GABA
where, and from what, is serotonin synthesized
raphe nucleus
from tryptophan
what is melatonin made from
is a metabolite of serotonin
how do SSRIs decreased platelet aggregation
by inhibiting the 5-HT transporter and depleting serotonin within the platelet
which serotonin receptor is associated with mood and anxiety
5HT1A
which serotonin receptor is associated with weight gain
5HT2C
which serotonin receptor is associated with nausea
5HT3A
which serotonin receptor is associated with anxiety, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, akathesia
5HT2A
what is dopamine made from
tyrosine
what type of receptors are dopamine receptors
G protein coupled
where, and from what, is norepinephrine synthesized
in locus ceruleus
from dopamine
what happens if you severe the locus ceruleus in rats
more aggression
what is the major inhibitory amino acid
GABA
what is the major excitatory amino acid
glutamate
what neurotransmitter is associated with the following drug:
hallucinogens
serotonin
what neurotransmitter is associated with the following drug:
sedatives
GABA
what neurotransmitter is associated with the following drug:
opiate WITHDRAWAL
norepinephrine
what neurotransmitter is associated with the following drug:
stimulants
dopamine
norepinephrine
what neurotransmitter is associated with the following drug:
MDMA
serotonin
what neurotransmitter is associated with the following drug:
dissociatives
NMDA
glutamate
what neurotransmitter is associated with the following drug:
inhalants
NMDA
glutamate
