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Question 1

what is the first stage of HIV?

Answer 1

Acute HIV infection - lasts 2-4 weeks, flu-like symptoms

Question 2

What is the 2nd stage of HIV?

Answer 2

Chronic HIV infection - Latency, multiplies slowly, lasts for years. This is when treatment occurs to prolong as much as possible

Question 3

Describe stage 3 HIV?

Answer 3

CD4 count drops to less than 200 and AIDS develops

Question 4

Causes of Peptic ulcers?

Answer 4

H.pylori, NSAID’s, stress

Question 5

How are peptic ulcers created?

Answer 5

H.pylori produces enzymes and toxins which interfere with the mucosal protection against injury from gastric acid

Question 6

Complications of Peptic ulcers?

Answer 6

Hemorrage due to errosion onto a blood vessel. perforation (erosion through all layers) leading to peritonitis, Obstruction (due to edema, spasm or contraction of scar tissue near pyloric sphincter)

Question 7

Whats the difference between benign and malignant tumours?

Answer 7

Benign doesn’t grow in an unlimited aggressive manner, invade sorrounding tissues or spread to non-adjacent tissues

Question 8

What is thrombocytopenia?

Answer 8

Decrease in number of circulating platelets

Question 9

3 types of leukocytes?

Answer 9

Lymphocytes, granulocytes, monocytes

Question 10

What are tophi?

Answer 10

Large hard nodules containing uric acid crystals

Question 11

What is gout?

Answer 11

Uric acid in the joints

Question 12

What is osteomalacia?

Answer 12

Softening of the bones due to defective bone mineralisation caused by vitamin D defficiency

Question 13

what is Osteoporosis?

Answer 13

Bone disease which leads to increased risk of fracture

Question 14

what is the difference between Non-hodgkins lymphoma and Lymphoma?

Answer 14

The main difference between Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is in the specific lymphocyte each involves

Question 15

Stage 1 of bone healing

Answer 15

Hematoma: Immediately after the fracture, extensive bleeding occurs. A large blood clot, or fracture hematoma, develops.

Question 16

Stage 2 of Bone healing

Answer 16

Fibro cartiloginous callus formation: An internal callus forms as a network of spongy bone unites the inner edges, and an external callus of cartilage and bone stabilized the outer edges.

Question 17

Stage 3 of bone healing

Answer 17

Ossification: The cartilage of the external callus has been replaced by bone, and struts of spongy bone now unite the broken ends. Fragments of dead bone have been removed and replaced.

Question 18

Stage 4 of bone healing

Answer 18

Remodelling: osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue restoring new bone structure to original form