GI Malignancies Flashcards
Risk factors for anal cancer
- HPV
- Immunosuppression, HIV/AIDS
- Smoking
Treatment difference between rectal and colon cancer
Surgery with adjuvant therapy in colon cancer
Surgery with neoadjuvant therapy in rectal cancer or TNT (total neoadjuvant treatment = chemotherapy + chemoradiation, followed by surgery)
Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma
Anything that causes cirrhosis
- Hep C, Hep B, NASH, alcohol
Risk factors for gallbladder cancer
- Cholelithiasis
- Chronic cholecystitis/porcelain gallbladder
- PSC/UC
How to assess peritoneal spread of gastroesophageal cancer
Diagnostic laparoscopy
(if positive = stage 4 and not worth doing surgery)
Genes associated with colon cancer
- APC gene (FAP - thousands of polyps)
- HNPCC gene
- dMMR (Lynch syndromes)
Most common symptoms of pancreatic cancer
Most common:
- unexplained weight loss
- jaundice, typically painless
May also see venous thromboembolism
Modifiable gastric cancer risk factors
- Poor dietary practices, smoked/cured foods, lack of refrigeration
- Heavy alcohol use
- Tobacco
- H. pylori infection
Rectal cancers proximal to dentate line are typically [blank] whereas anal cancers distal to the dentate line are more likely to be [blank]
Proximal/rectal: adenocarcinoma
Distal: squamous cell carcinoma
Most common symptom of hepatobiliary cancer
Painless jaundice
Treatment for patients with an CDH1 gene mutation identified in their youth
Prophylactic gastrectomy
Cholangiocarcinoma risk factors
- Ulcerative colitis
- Sclerosing cholangitis
Which patients should be screened for hepatocellular carcinoma and how is it done?
Screen patients with cirrhosis, Hep B/C
Use alpha-fetoprotein (tumor marker) and ultrasound to screen
Side effects of PD-L1 inhibitors generally
“-itises”
“Any -itis is possible with immunotherapy”
(pneumonitis, colitis, hepatitis, thyroiditis, etc.)
Anatomical landmark for anal and rectal cancer differentiation
Dentate line
