Cancer Epidemiology Flashcards
Risk factor for gallbladder cancer
Porcelain gallbladder/chronic cholecystitis
Risk factors for the two types of esophageal cancers
Adenocarcinoma:
- White, obese, GERD, Barrett’s esophagus
Squamous cell carcinoma:
- Black/Asian, alcohol, tobacco, hot drinks, preserved foods, achalasia
Women between ages 35 and 45 can have this preventative procedure done if they are positive for BRCA 1/2 mutations
Salpingo-oophorectomy (remove ovaries and fallopian tubes)
Risk factors for breast cancer in women
Anything that increases lifetime exposure to estrogen
Early menarche, nulliparity, older age at first birth, late menopause
Also obesity and alcohol
(exercise lowers risk)
Most major cause of lung cancer worldwide
Tobacco
Penile cancer is most common in this age and demographic
> 60
Africa, South America, Asia
Definition of “benign tumor”
Well-differentiated, normally growing cells
Definition of “tumor”
Swelling
Prostate cancer diet/supplement risk factors
- Red meat
- Saturated fats
- Vitamin E
Asbestos exposure increases the risk of this cancer
Mesothelioma
Most common cancer in women in the US
Breast cancer
Infections associated with Kaposi sarcoma
HHV 8 (HIV/AIDS)
Eight broad groups of environmental carcinogens
- Occupation
- Diet
- Tobacco
- Alcohol
- Sun exposure
- Ionizing radiation
- Chemicals
- Infections
Sunburns and nonburning sun exposure increase the risk of these skin cancers
SCC and BCC
Definition of “adenocarcinoma”
Epithelial cancer of duct or gland
Being positive for BRCA 1/2 gene mutations increase the risk of these cancers
BRCA 1 women: breast and ovarian
BRCA 2 women: breast and ovarian
BRCA 1 men: breast
BRCA 2 men: prostate
Definition of “differentiation”
Extent to which a cell “looks like” the cell it was programmed to be
Well differentiated = looks like the normal, expected cell
Infection associated with nasopharyngeal cancer/lymphoma
EBV (mono)
Risk factor for testicular cancer
Cryptorchidism
Risk factors for penile cancer
- Uncircumcised (more surface area for HPV to live and reproduce)
- Phimosis
- HPV
- AIDS
- Smoking
- Sexual promiscuity (more likely to get HPV)
Sunburns double the risk of this skin cancer, whereas nonburning sun exposure is protective for it
Melanoma
Infection associated with cervical/anal cancer
HPV (genital warts)
Almost all cases of mesothelioma occur this long after asbestos exposure
> 15 years later
Most common cause of cancer death is in this region of the body
Respiratory tract
