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Surgery Recall General Surgery > GI Hormones and Physiology > Flashcards

GI Hormones and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Gastric parietal cells secrete

A

HCl

Intrinsic Factor

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2
Q

GI chief cells secrete

A

PEPsinogen

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3
Q

GI mucous neck cells secrete

A

HC03 mucus

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4
Q

What is pepsin?

A

Proteolytic enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds

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5
Q

What is Intrinsic Factor?

A

Protein secreted by the parietal cells that combines with vitamin B12 and enables absorption in the terminal ileum

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6
Q

Name the 3 receptors on the parietal cell that stimulate HCl realease.

A

HAG: Histamine, Ach, Gastrin

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7
Q

What is the enterohepatic circulation

A

circulation of bile acids from the liver to the gut and back to the liver via the portal vein

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8
Q

Where are most of the bile acids absrobed?

A

Terminal ileum

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9
Q

How many times is the entire bile acid pool circulated during a typical meal?

A

Twice

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10
Q

What are the stimulators of gallbladder emptying?

A

Cholecystokinin, vagal input

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11
Q

What are the inhibitors of gallbladder emptying?

A

Somatostatin
Sympathetics (it is impossible to flee and digest food at the same time…haha!),
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

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12
Q

What is the source of Cholecytokinin (ccK)

A

Duodenal mucosal cells

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13
Q

What stimulates the release of ccK?

A

Fat
Protein
Amino acids
HCL

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14
Q

What inhibits the release of ccK?

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

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15
Q

What are its actions?

A

Empties Gallbladder
Opens Gallbladder ampulla
Slows GI emptying
Stimulates pancreatic acinar cell growth and release of exocrine products

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16
Q

What is the source of Secretin?

A

Duodenal cells

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17
Q

What stimulates the release of secretin?

A

pH <4.5 (acid)

fat in duodenum

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18
Q

What inhibits secreten release?

A

high pH in the duodenum

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19
Q

What are its actions?

A

Release pancreatic bicarbonate/enzymes/H20
Releases bile/bicarbonate
Decreases LES tone
Decreases release of Gastric Acid

20
Q

What is the source of Gastrin?

A

Gastric antrum G cells

21
Q

What stimulates Gastrin release?

A

Stomach peptides/amino acids
Vagal input
Calcium

22
Q

What inhibits Gastrin release?

A

ph<3.0

Somatostatin

23
Q

What are the actions of Gastrin?

A

Release of HCl from parietal cells

Trophic effect on mucosa of the stomach and small intestine

24
Q

What is the source of Somatostatin?

A

Pacreatic Dcells

25
Q

What stimulates Somatostatin release?

A

Food

26
Q

What are the actions of Somatostatin?

A

Globally inhibits GI function

27
Q

What is the purpose of the colon?

A

Reabsorption of H20 and storage of stool

28
Q

What is the main small bowel nutrition source?

A

glutamine

29
Q

what is the main nutritional source of the colon?

A

Butyrate (short chain fatty acid)

30
Q

Where is calcium absorbed?

A

Duodenum

31
Q

Where is calcium absorbed?

A

Duodenum, actively

Jejunum, passively

32
Q

Where is iron absorbed?

A

Duodenum

33
Q

Where is vitamin B12 absorbed?

A

Terminal ileum

34
Q

Which hormone primarily controls gallbladder contraction?

A

ccK

35
Q

What supplement does a patient need after removal of the terminal ileum or stomach?

A

Vitamin B12

36
Q

Nam the main constituents of bile

A 
Water
Phospholipids
lecithins
bile acids
cholesterol
bilirubin
37
Q

what are most of gallstones made of?

A

Cholesterol

38
Q

How do opiates affect the bowel?

A

By stimulating Na absorption and inhibiting secretion in the ileum as well as decreasing GI motility by incoordinated peristalsis (Therefor, place patients on stool softeners when dispensing pain medication)

39
Q

Which type of muscle fibers, smooth or striated, does the esophagus contain?

A

Both:
U/3 - striated muscle control of nerves
M/3 - mixed
L/3 - smooth muscle, primarily under control of vagal motor fibers

40
Q

Which electrolytes does the colon actively absorb?

A

Na, Cl

41
Q

Which electrolyte does the colon actively SECRETE?

A

HC03

42
Q

Which electrolyte does the colon passively secrete?

A

K

43
Q

What is the gastrocolic reflex?

A

Increased secretory and motor functions of the stomach result in increased colonic motility

44
Q

What is the blood supply to the liver?

A

75% portal vein, rich in products of digestion
25% from hepatic artery, rich in O2

but each provide 50% of oxygen

45
Q

Nodules of lymphoid tissue with B and T lymphocytes in the small intestine that selectively sample lumenal Ag found in the terminal ileum

A

Peyer Patches

Surgery Recall General Surgery (21 decks)

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