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Surgery Recall General Surgery > GI Hormones and Physiology > Flashcards

GI Hormones and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Gastric parietal cells secrete

A

HCl

Intrinsic Factor

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2
Q

GI chief cells secrete

A

PEPsinogen

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3
Q

GI mucous neck cells secrete

A

HC03 mucus

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4
Q

What is pepsin?

A

Proteolytic enzyme that hydrolyzes peptide bonds

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5
Q

What is Intrinsic Factor?

A

Protein secreted by the parietal cells that combines with vitamin B12 and enables absorption in the terminal ileum

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6
Q

Name the 3 receptors on the parietal cell that stimulate HCl realease.

A

HAG: Histamine, Ach, Gastrin

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7
Q

What is the enterohepatic circulation

A

circulation of bile acids from the liver to the gut and back to the liver via the portal vein

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8
Q

Where are most of the bile acids absrobed?

A

Terminal ileum

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9
Q

How many times is the entire bile acid pool circulated during a typical meal?

A

Twice

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10
Q

What are the stimulators of gallbladder emptying?

A

Cholecystokinin, vagal input

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11
Q

What are the inhibitors of gallbladder emptying?

A

Somatostatin
Sympathetics (it is impossible to flee and digest food at the same time…haha!),
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

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12
Q

What is the source of Cholecytokinin (ccK)

A

Duodenal mucosal cells

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13
Q

What stimulates the release of ccK?

A

Fat
Protein
Amino acids
HCL

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14
Q

What inhibits the release of ccK?

A

Trypsin and chymotrypsin

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15
Q

What are its actions?

A

Empties Gallbladder
Opens Gallbladder ampulla
Slows GI emptying
Stimulates pancreatic acinar cell growth and release of exocrine products

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16
Q

What is the source of Secretin?

A

Duodenal cells

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17
Q

What stimulates the release of secretin?

A

pH <4.5 (acid)

fat in duodenum

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18
Q

What inhibits secreten release?

A

high pH in the duodenum

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19
Q

What are its actions?

A

Release pancreatic bicarbonate/enzymes/H20
Releases bile/bicarbonate
Decreases LES tone
Decreases release of Gastric Acid

20
Q

What is the source of Gastrin?

A

Gastric antrum G cells

21
Q

What stimulates Gastrin release?

A

Stomach peptides/amino acids
Vagal input
Calcium

22
Q

What inhibits Gastrin release?

A

ph<3.0

Somatostatin

23
Q

What are the actions of Gastrin?

A

Release of HCl from parietal cells

Trophic effect on mucosa of the stomach and small intestine

24
Q

What is the source of Somatostatin?

A

Pacreatic Dcells

25
What stimulates Somatostatin release?
Food
26
What are the actions of Somatostatin?
Globally inhibits GI function
27
What is the purpose of the colon?
Reabsorption of H20 and storage of stool
28
What is the main small bowel nutrition source?
glutamine
29
what is the main nutritional source of the colon?
Butyrate (short chain fatty acid)
30
Where is calcium absorbed?
Duodenum
31
Where is calcium absorbed?
Duodenum, actively | Jejunum, passively
32
Where is iron absorbed?
Duodenum
33
Where is vitamin B12 absorbed?
Terminal ileum
34
Which hormone primarily controls gallbladder contraction?
ccK
35
What supplement does a patient need after removal of the terminal ileum or stomach?
Vitamin B12
36
Nam the main constituents of bile
``` Water Phospholipids lecithins bile acids cholesterol bilirubin ```
37
what are most of gallstones made of?
Cholesterol
38
How do opiates affect the bowel?
By stimulating Na absorption and inhibiting secretion in the ileum as well as decreasing GI motility by incoordinated peristalsis (Therefor, place patients on stool softeners when dispensing pain medication)
39
Which type of muscle fibers, smooth or striated, does the esophagus contain?
Both: U/3 - striated muscle control of nerves M/3 - mixed L/3 - smooth muscle, primarily under control of vagal motor fibers
40
Which electrolytes does the colon actively absorb?
Na, Cl
41
Which electrolyte does the colon actively SECRETE?
HC03
42
Which electrolyte does the colon passively secrete?
K
43
What is the gastrocolic reflex?
Increased secretory and motor functions of the stomach result in increased colonic motility
44
What is the blood supply to the liver?
75% portal vein, rich in products of digestion 25% from hepatic artery, rich in O2 but each provide 50% of oxygen
45
Nodules of lymphoid tissue with B and T lymphocytes in the small intestine that selectively sample lumenal Ag found in the terminal ileum
Peyer Patches

Surgery Recall General Surgery (21 decks)

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