GI & Hepatology: Malnutrition Flashcards
What is the Malnutrition Universal Score Tool and how is this calculated?
MUST = 5-step screening tool to identify adults, who are malnourished, at risk of malnutrition (undernutrition), or obese. It also includes management guidelines which can be used to develop a care plan
- Step 1 = work out BMI
- Step 2 = unplanned weight loss
- Step 3 = acutely ill, no nutritional intake
- Step 4 = overall risk of malnutrition - 0 = low risk, 1 = medium, >2 = high
What are the possible causes of malnutrition in a 35-year-old man?
Liver disease - alcohol abuse
Eating disorder
Depression
Homelessness
How is malnutrition best managed?
Slow refeeding 10kcal/kg/day
Increasing to meet full needs by 4-7days
Restore circulatory vol
What is refeeding syndrome? What factors predispose someone to refeeding syndrome + how can it be prevented?
RS = caused by rapid refeeding after a period of under-nutrition, characterised by severe hypophosphatemia/hypomagnesemia/hypokalaemia, electrolyte shifts and has metabolic and clinical complications
Predisposed = BMI under 16, malnourished, anorexia nervosa, chronic alcoholism
Prevention = electrolyte infusions, slower refeeding regimen
Treatment = 10kcal/kg/day, increasing to meet full needs by 4-7days, restore circulatory vol, replace K, Mg, phosphate
How can pts be fed?
Oral nutrition support – for example, fortified food, additional snacks and/or sip feeds
Enteral tube feeding – the delivery of a nutritionally complete feed directly into the gut via a tube
- NG
- NJT
- PEG
Parenteral nutrition – the delivery of nutrition intravenously
- TPN
- PPN
What are a pts nutritional requirements?
Depends on = age, sex, physical activity, current weight, BMI, current body composition, medical health
25–35 kcal/kg/day total energy (including that derived from protein 0.8–1.5 g protein (0.13–0.24 g nitrogen)/kg/day
Adequate electrolytes, minerals, micronutrients (allowing for any pre-existing deficits, excessive losses or increased demands) and fibre if appropriate
When is enteral tube feeding given?
Malnourished
Risk of malnourishment
Gastrophoresis, stomach surgery
What is important when using an NG tube?
Need to check positioning
- Aspirate PH <5.5 = gastric PH <6-8 = small bowel
- CXR = looking for it to pass through the corina
When is gastrostomy used and what are the types?
Long term >8 weeks
PEG = percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
RIG = radiologically inserted gastrostomy
SE - infection
What is parenteral feeding and when is it used?
IV feeding
Indication = unsafe oral, non-functional, inaccessible or perforated (leaking) gastrointestinal tract
Step-wise program - build up to requirement, step down to oral
Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN) = central, lasts 10 days
Peripheral Parenteral Nutrition (PPN) = peripheral
Outline the features of coeliac disease
Gluten exposure = auto-Abs, SI inflam, malabsorption, anaemia
S+S = asymptomatic, loose stools, bloating, wind, abdo cramps, weight loss, dermatitis herpetiformis
Ix =
- tissue transglutaminase (tTG) raised (not diagnostic in adults)
- OGD with duodenal biopsies - villous atrophy + intraep lymphocytes (diagnostic)
Mx = dietitian, lifelong gluten free diet - barley, rye, oats, wheat
Complications
- SI lymphoma
- SI cancer
- osteoporosis
- neurological - gluten ataxia, neuropathy
What diet should patients with IBS be put on?
FODMAP
Elimination of FODMAP foods (carbs) for 8 weeks