DM: Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
What are the symptoms and signs of DM?
Increased thirst
Increased urination
Dry mouth
Fatigue
Weight loss - despite normal appetite (can be increased)
Blurred vision (chronic)
Tingling limbs (chronic)
How is DM diagnosed?
Symptomatic
- Fasting glucose = 7mmol/l
- Random glucose 11.1mmol/l
- 75g OGTT 2 hour plasma glucose = 11.1mmol (MOST RELIABLE)
Asymptomatic = above must be demonstrated on 2 diff occasions
Underlying haemolytic disease = high turnover of RBC which will affect HbA1c - Therefore OGTT = more reliable
How is DM classified?
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational (GDM)
Maturity onset diabetes of the young - autosomal dominant (15-25yrs)
- Don’t require insulin - give sulfonylureas
Outline T1DM
Pathophysiology = autoimmune, Ab against bet cells of pancreas, islet-associated Ab (IAA)
Management = insulin (basal-bolus, long + short term)
Outline T2DM
Pathophysiology = insulin resistance, insulin def
Risk = older, asian, obesity
Treatment = HbA1c target dependant on anti-DM drug type
- First line = metformin
- Lifestyle = diet control, weight loss, HTN control (ACEi - target 140/80), statin (with 10 yr CVS risk - QRISK2)
‣ GI ( glycaemic index) = low index food
‣ High fibre, low fat, low saturated and trans fat
What is metformin and its SEs?
Mechanism = increase insulin sensitivity
SE = GI upset (2 weeks), lactic acidosis
500mg OD
Contraindications - hepatic/renal failure, eGFR <30, alcohol abuse
What are sulfonylureas and there SEs?
Mechnaism = insulin secretagogue
SE = hypoglycemic episodes (dizziness, sweating - tell pt to carry food around with them), weight gain
What are thiazolidinediones and there SEs?
Mechanism = increases peripheral insulin sensitivity
SE = fluid retention, weight gain, liver impairment, increased risk of fractures
What are Glucagon-like peptide 1 mimetics and there SEs?
Inject subcut 60 mins before meal
Mechanism = agonists of the GLP-1 receptor, increasing insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon release
SE = N+V, risk of pancreatitis, risk of renal impairment, weight loss
Should be used when = insulin would othrwise be started, BMI >30
What are Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor and there SEs?
Sitagliptin
Mechanism = increase incretin levels (GLP-1 and GIP), which inhibit glucagon release, which in turn increases insulin secretion
SE = GI disturbance, nausea, flatulance, dirrahoea, constipation
What are the complications of DM?
Macrovascular
- Accelerated atherosclerosis = MI, stroke, TIA, PVD
Microvascular (advanced glycosylation end products)
- Painful neuropathy
- Autonomic neuropathy - gastroparesis, ED
- Nephropathy
- Retinopathy and diabetic CNIII palsy (spare pupil)
Outline the pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy?
- Damage to the endothelium (inappropriate glycosylation)
- Leakage from weakened vessels = protein exudates forming
- Microvascular occlusion (‘cotton-wool spots’)
- Local hypoxia
- New vessels form (stimulated by VEGF)
- New vessels aren’t as strong -> more likely to bleed