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Animal Diseases > GI diseases in ruminants > Flashcards

GI diseases in ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

What is atony?

A

“stasis” - no gut movement/muscle movement

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2
Q

What is ileus?

A

cessation of peristalsis

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3
Q

What is tenesmus?

A

severe straining

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4
Q

What is tympany?

A

excess gas causing distension

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5
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

difficulty eating

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6
Q

What is wooden tongue?

A

tumorous abscesses of the tongue caused by actinobacillus lignieresii

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7
Q

What can cause wooden tongue?

A

coarse feed causing oral punctures or abrasions > bacterial invasion of soft tissue

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8
Q

What are the clinical signs of wooden tongue?

A
  • primary lesion is very hard, diffusely swollen, painful tongue
  • difficulty swallowing, can’t eat or drink, drooling, weight loss
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9
Q

What is the tx for wooden tongue?

A

sodium iodide IV, abx 7-10 days, early tx respond well

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10
Q

What is lump jaw?

A

caused by bacteria “actinomyces bovis”

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11
Q

What causes lump jaw?

A

oral abrasions > invasion of soft tissue > enters jawbone

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12
Q

What are the clinical signs of lump jaw?

A

hard non moveable swelling (granuloma) on the lower or upper jaw, breaks open and drains pus through skin, weight loss

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13
Q

What is the tx for lump jaw?

A

sodium iodide IV several times, concurrent tx with antimicrobials recommended

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14
Q

What is choke?

A

foreign body lodged in esophagus, cannot eat/swallow properly

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15
Q

What are the clinical signs of choke?

A
  • free gas bloat
  • swallow a lot
  • salivate excessively
  • nasal discharge of food and water
  • in distress or recumbent
  • extension of head, protrusion of tongue
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16
Q

What is the tx for choke?

A

sedate and pass tube, lavage with fluids

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17
Q

What can chronic choke cause?

A

pressure necrosis of esophageal mucosa

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18
Q

What are abomasal ulcers caused by?

A

Variety of suspected causes
such as:
* finely ground feed (especially in
pigs)
* high grain rations (feeder
calves/dairy cows)
* stress (high performance,
production, confinement)
* hairballs (calves)
* bacterial (Clostridial)

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19
Q

Who are abomasal ulcers most commonly seen in?

A

calves and high producing, mature dairy cows

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20
Q

What are the clinical signs of abomasal ulcers?

A
  • poor doers
  • thin/poor haircoat
  • +/- signs of colic
  • +/- black manure
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21
Q

What is the tx for hairballs?

A
  • get eating
  • antacids/protectants
  • NSAIDs
  • abx if perforating ulcer suspected
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22
Q

What is abomasitis?

A

aka abomasal bloat

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23
Q

What is the cause of abomasitis?

A

Not well understood, possible causes could be:
* bacterial infection of the abomasal wall
* compromised immunity from inadequate colostrum.
* ingestion of foreign bodies such as hair and coarse plants.
* vitamin / mineral deficiencies.
* bacteria such as Clostridium perfringens type A and species of Sarcinia, Salmonella typhimurium.

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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of abomasitis?

A

rapid onset: abdominal distention, depressed attitude, occasional signs of colic, +/- diarrhea

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25
Q

What is the treatment of abomasitis?

A

early intervention critical

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26
Q

What is impaction related to and who does it mostly affect?

A

related to diet (poor quality roughage, lack of water, sand can occur if fed hay/sileage on sandy soils), most often occurs in abomasum, pregnant cows most common during cold weather

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27
Q

What are the clinical signs of impaction?

A
  • develops slowly over 5-7 days
  • gradually get distended in lower abdomen
  • lubricants can be used to moved impacted material
  • sx emptying of abomasum if severely impacted
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28
Q

What are the clinical signs of impaction?

A
  • develops slowly over 5-7 days
  • gradually get distended in lower abdomen
  • lubricants can be used to moved impacted material
  • sx emptying of abomasum if severely impacted
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29
Q

What causes grain overload (acidosis)?

A

over ingestion of carbs beyond what rumen microbes can handle > bacteria produce excess lactic acid > decreases pH of rumen = acidosis

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30
Q

What are the clinical signs of grain overload?

A
  • bloat
  • loose manure
  • depression
  • stiffness, staggering
  • laminitis
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31
Q

What is the tx for grain overload?

A
  • prevent access to water for 24 hrs
  • rumen lavage
  • stomach tube with mineral oil
  • feed roughage ONLY
  • antacids
  • charcoal drench
  • antihistamines
  • IV bicarbonate to counteract acidosis
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32
Q

What causes frothy bloat?

A

legume pastures or hay - traps gas

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33
Q

What causes free gas bloat?

A

sudden change in feed or too much grain, obstruction preventing eructation

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34
Q

What are the clinical signs of bloat?

A
  • full, distended left flank
  • discomfort up and down
  • difficult breathing with grunting
  • frequent urination
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35
Q

What is the tx of bloat?

A

pass a stomach tube, bloat drenches, rumen trocar

36
Q

How do we prevent bloat?

A
  • avoid lush, wet, immature alfalfa pastures
  • avoid sudden changes in feed
  • any feed additives (ionophores) use is off label
37
Q

What is an LDA?

A

left displaced abomasum

38
Q

What causes LDA?

A

usually dietary related (high grain, low roughage, low fiber diets) - result of abomasal hypomotility and gas production

39
Q

Who do we primarily see LDA’s in?

A

dairy cows, 1 month after calving

40
Q

What are the clinical signs of LDA?

A
  • off feed
  • weight loss
  • milk production drops dramatically
  • diarrhea
  • can hear a “ping” on left side
41
Q

What is the tx for LDA?

A
  • rolling through 180* arc after casting her on her right side (recurrence very likely)
  • laparotomy in the right para lumbar fossa
42
Q

What is a RDA?

A

Right displaced abomasum - moves up higher on right side and becomes twisted (torsion)

43
Q

What causes RDA?

A

hypomotility, gas production and displacement of the partially gas filled abomasum, mainly seen in dairy cows shortly after calving

44
Q

What are the clinical signs of RDA?

A

+/- colic
- severe drop in milk production
- dehydration > shock > death

45
Q

What is the tx for RDA?

A

Sx, IV fluids, prognosis guarded

46
Q

What is hardware disease?

A

“reticuloperotonitis/reticulopericarditis”
- ingestion of wires/nails > puncture through wall of reticulum into abdomen, can also penetrate diaphragm and enter heart

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of hardware disease?

A
  • off feed
  • reluctant to move/ hunched back
  • grunting/grinding teeth
  • ventral edema
  • +/- fever
48
Q

What is the tx/prevention for hardware disease?

A
  • magnets (prevention only)
  • abx
  • poor prognosis
49
Q

What is BVD fetal infection?

A

if an unprotected cow gets infected with BVD it will cross placenta and infect fetus

50
Q

What happens if a fetus is infected with BVD at <40 days?

A

early embryonic death and infertility

51
Q

What happens if a fetus is infected with BVD at 40-120 days?

A
  • NCP strain
  • fetus will recognize virus as “self”
  • born persistently infected
52
Q

What happens if a fetus is infected with BVD at 120-180 days?

A

born with congenital defects - brain defects (incoordination), deformities of legs, blindness

53
Q

What happens if a fetus is infected with BVD at >180 days?

A

born with antibodies to virus, immune, normal and will not shed virus

54
Q

What bacteria causes johne’s disease?

A

mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis

55
Q

What does Johne’s disease cause?

A

gradual thickening of intestines > weight loss, diarrhea, death

56
Q

What is Johne’s disease?

A

contagious, chronic, and usually fatal infection that primarily affects the SI of ruminants - Notifiable disease in Alberta

57
Q

What are the 4 stages of Johne’s disease?

A

Stage 1 - silent infection (shed but no clinical signs)
Stage 2 - subclinical shedders (carrier, 15-25% positive)
Stage 3 - clinical
Stage 4 - advanced clinical stage (profuse watery diarrhea and weight loss)

58
Q

What are some qualities of Johne’s disease?

A
  • can survive >1 year in soil at -14c temps
  • somewhat susceptible to drying and sunlight
  • bacteria shed in feces (especially late stages)
  • transmission primarily fecal-oral
59
Q

What are the clinical signs of Johne’s disease?

A

continue to eat and appear bright but have diarrhea and become emaciated

60
Q

What are the subclinical signs of Johne’s disease?

A

decreased milk production, poor conception rates

61
Q

How is Johne’s disease diagnosed?

A
  1. fecal culture (not very sensitive=false negatives)
  2. blood testing (ELISA test) - can get false negatives if antibodies not circulating all the time
  3. milk testing (ELISA test) - false negative depending on stage of disease
  4. postmortem (gross findings in intestine and lymph nodes)
62
Q

What is the prevention/control methods for Johne’s disease?

A
  • no tx for positive animals
  • no vx available
  • cull all positives and their offspring
  • removal/handling of manure to prevent transmission
  • separate dairy calves from cows at birth and feed clean colostrum
  • purchase replacement negative tested animals only
63
Q

What protozoan causes coccidia?

A

Eimeria - cows shed many oocysts prior to calving

64
Q

Who is coccidia primarily seen in?

A

young weaned cattle, feedlot calves, young suckling calves - stress plays huge role

65
Q

What are some qualities of coccidia?

A
  • common 3-5 weeks after feedlot entry or after weaning
  • oocysts can survive for >1 yr in environment
66
Q

What are the clinical signs of coccidia?

A

dark/black feces, unthrifty, decreased feed efficiency

67
Q

What are the clinical signs of severe coccidia?

A
  • fever
  • diarrhea with blood
  • weight loss
  • dehydration
  • anemia
  • straining > rectal prolapse
  • death
68
Q

What is the treatment/control for coccidia?

A

oral meds - sulfas, amprolium
prevent by use of coccidiostats/coccidiocides in feed
prevent fecal contamination of feed, reduce stress/crowding

69
Q

What is neonatal diarrhea?

A

management disease, many different pathogens, shed through feces and contaminate environments

E.coli infection occurs 1-5 days old, others >1 week old

70
Q

What is E.coli neonatal diarrhea?

A

bacterial, affects ALL neonatal farm animals
2 forms:
- enteric/enterotoxigenic (diarrhea)
- septicemic ( affect many areas of body via bloodstream)

71
Q

What is coronavirus neonatal diarrhea?

A

virus, affects villi and crypt cells of intestines
often a mixed infection
mostly in calves approx. 5- 21 days old

72
Q

What is rotavirus neonatal diarrhea?

A

virus, infects villi > sloughs > partial villous atrophy > heals in 4-6 days
often a mixed infection
calves and lambs 5-15 days old

73
Q

What is cryptosporidium neonatal diarrhea?

A

protozoa, infected by ingesting oocysts in feces
often a mixed infection (rotavirus)
calves, lambs & kids 5-35 days old
ZOONOTIC!

74
Q

What is salmonella neonatal diarrhea?

A

bacterial, causes severe enteritis in neonates and adults
septicemic form affects neonates ~ 4 mths old
mortality ~ 100% w/o tx
ZOONOTIC
ISOLATION REQUIRED

75
Q

What are the 4 possible causes of neonatal diarrhea?

A
  1. inadequate colostrum protection (poor mothering, bad teats, low clostridial antibodies, etc)
  2. environmental factors (wet conditions, fluctuating temps)
  3. over-whelming exposure to organisms (contaminated calving grounds, over crowding, indoor calving, etc)
  4. poor nutrition of dam during gestation (poor colostrum/milk production, unable to respond properly to vx, weak calves who won’t suck, deficient in vitamins and minerals = calf will be too)
76
Q

What are the clinical signs of neonatal diarrhea?

A

diarrhea > dehydration
acidosis > excess bicarb loss in diarrhea = dullness, staggering, stupor, coma

77
Q

What is the tx for neonatal diarrhea?

A

FLUIDS!, anti-inflammatories, abx, warm up if cold

78
Q

What is a mild case of neonatal diarrhea?

A

slight diarrhea, still nursing, hard to catch
observe closely, no tx needed

79
Q

What is a moderate case of neonatal diarrhea?

A

depressed, easily caught, still moving around
Give 2L of oral fluids every 6-8 hrs, leave with cow

80
Q

What is a severe case of neonatal diarrhea?

A

eyes sunken, cold extremities, unable or unwilling to get up, sternal or lat recumbency
IV fluids required

81
Q

How can we prevent neonatal diarrhea?

A
  • ensure calves get colostrum
  • don’t calve on wintering grounds
  • move out cow/calf pairs quickly to clean pastures
  • proper shelter, bedding, nutrition, etc
  • avoid overcrowding
  • treat early and often with fluids
82
Q

How is the colostrum effective?

A

IG can only be absorbed for first 24 hours of life, 2L minimum needed in first 4 hours, then 4L within 12 hours after birth - passive transfer

83
Q

What is wintery dysentery?

A

acute, highly contagious GI disorder that affects housed adult dairy cattle, primarily during winter in colder climates

84
Q

What are the clinical signs of wintery dysentery?

A

explosive diarrhea, profound drop in milk production, variable anorexia, depression, mild resp signs

85
Q

How can we prevent/treat wintery dysentery?

A

isolate new cattle for 2 weeks, and any adult cow with diarrhea - typically recover spontaneously within a few days
BIOSECURITY!
fresh water, palatable feed, and FC salt should always be available
IV fluid/blood transfusion in severe cases

Animal Diseases (6 decks)

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