Bovine Respiratory Diseases

Question 1

What does BRD stand for?

Answer 1

Bovine Respiratory Disease

Question 2

What is BRD?

Answer 2

Defined as a disease complex

Question 3

What are some predisposing factors of BRD?

Answer 3

STRESS! weaning, dehorning, castration, inclement weather, transportation, change of feed, co-mingling

Question 4

What are the clinical signs of BRD?

Answer 4

fever >40.5c, dyspnea, nasal discharge, cough, loss of appetite, lethargic, sudden death

Question 5

What are the antibiotics used to treat BRD?

Answer 5

Tetracycline, ceftiofur, florfenicol, florfenicol combo, tulathromycin, tilmicosin, gamithromycin, tildipirosin

Question 6

How do we prevent and control BRD?

Answer 6

reduce stress, vaccination, adequate nutrition, environmental control, mass medication

Question 7

What is BVD?

Answer 7

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus

Question 8

What are the 2 biotypes of BVD?

Answer 8

cytopathic & noncytopathic

Question 9

What are the 2 genotypes of BVD?

Answer 9

Type 1 & 2

Question 10

How is BVD transmitted?

Answer 10

direct contact of secretions and excretions from persistently infected (PI) animals, indirect (insects, needles), vertical (transplacental), horizontal (frozen semen)

Question 11

What are the clinical signs of BVD?

Answer 11

fever, lethargy, anorexia, oral lesions (acute - non PI), immunosuppression (acute - non PI), hemorrhagic syndrome (NCP Type 2), mucosal disease (PI w/ CP strain)

Question 12

What does IBR stand for?

Answer 12

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

Question 13

What causes IBR?

Answer 13

Bovine herpes virus 1

Question 14

What is IBR characterized by?

Answer 14

acute inflammation of upper resp tract

Question 15

How is IBR transmitted?

Answer 15

nasal & ocular secretions

Question 16

What are the clinical signs of IBR?

Answer 16

Fever, cough, dyspnea, depression, anorexia, hyperemia of mucosa, mucosal lesions, ocular/nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, rhinitis

Question 17

What does BRSV stand for?

Answer 17

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus

Question 18

What happens with BRSV?

Answer 18

replicates in lower respiratory tract, high morbidity

Question 19

How is BRSV transmitted?

Answer 19

direct contact with aerosolized secretions

Question 20

What are the clinical signs of BRSV?

Answer 20

fever, loss of appetite, cough (sporadic), depression, ^ resp rate, dyspnea, nasal discharge

Question 21

What does PI3 stand for?

Answer 21

Parainfluenza 3 virus

Question 22

What does PI3 cause?

Answer 22

infects upper respiratory mucosa

Question 23

How is PI3 transmitted?

Answer 23

shed in aerosols and direct contact

Question 24

What are the clinical signs of PI3?

Answer 24

fever, loss of appetite, cough (sporadic), depression, ^ RR, dyspnea, nasal discharge

Question 25

How do we treat IBR, BVD, BRSV, & PI3?

Answer 25

prevention! supportive care, ABX

Question 26

When should we vaccinate for IBR, BVD, BRSV, & PI3?

Answer 26

nursing - at least once before weaning feedlot - entry, 45-60 day post IBR - Intranasal if outbreak

Question 27

What vaccines are used for viral infections?

Answer 27

Bovi shield gold FP5 Express Feedlot Express FP5 Express yearling Pyramid FP5 Pyramid 2 + Type II BVD Vista 5 SQ Inforce 3

Question 28

What does Mannheimia Hemolytica Pasteurella Multocida affect?

Answer 28

normal flora of upper respiratory tract

Question 29

How is Pasteurellosis spread?

Answer 29

aerosol - highly contagious morbidity ~30%, mortality 5-10%

Question 30

What are the clinical signs of pasteurellosis?

Answer 30

typical signs of BRD, often rapid (can die w/i 24 hrs)

Question 31

What does Pasteurellosis cause?

Answer 31

acute fibrinous pneumonia

Question 32

What are the pasteurella and viral combo vaccines?

Answer 32

One shot Presponse SQ Bovi shield gold one shot pyramid FP5 + presponse SQ

Question 33

What does histophilus somnus affect?

Answer 33

- normal flora of upper respiratory tract - increases severity of infection with other bacterial agents - several organ systems > infectious thrombo-embolic-meningo-encephalitis (ITEME), joint and ear infections

Question 34

What are clinical signs of H. Somnus?

Answer 34

typical signs of BRD, aural discharge poss, stiffness, swollen joints, prostration, neurologic signs, death, myocarditis

Question 35

How do we prevent pasteurellosis and H.somnus?

Answer 35

ABX, reduce stress, LA ABX on arrival at feedlot

Question 36

When should we vaccinate for Pasteurellosis and H.somnus?

Answer 36

nursing - at least once before weaning feedlot - on arrival

Question 37

What vaccines are available for H.somnus?

Answer 37

* Somubac® (Zoetis®) * Express® FP5/Somnugen (Boehringer Ingelheim®) * Resvac® 4/Somnubac (Zoetis®) * Fermicon 7/Somnugen® (Boehringer Ingelheim®)* * Ultrabac® 7/Somubac® (Zoetis®)* * Vision® 8 Somnus (Merck Animal Health®)*

Question 38

What bacterial combo vaccines are available?

Answer 38

Vista once SQ Once PMH

Question 39

What does mycoplasma bovis affect?

Answer 39

normal flora in nasal and upper respiratory tract

Question 40

What are the clinical signs of M.bovis?

Answer 40

typical signs of BRD, bronchopneumonia, arthritis

Question 41

How do we prevent M.bovis?

Answer 41

No vaccine available in Canada! Reduce stress

Question 42

How do we treat M.bovis?

Answer 42

Tulathromycin (draxxin, tulaven, lydaxx), ONLY ABX labeled for it

Question 43

What does AIP stand for?

Answer 43

Acute/Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia

Question 44

What are the effects of AIP?

Answer 44

sudden onset with minimal coughing, morbidity may be >50%, allergic reaction to tryptophan

Question 45

What are the clinical signs of AIP?

Answer 45

acute onset, severe dyspnea, grunt on exhalation

Question 46

How do we treat/prevent AIP?

Answer 46

high doses of steroids and antihistamines, managing pasture grazing

Question 47

What is necrotic laryngitis and what occurs?

Answer 47

larynx infected by Fusobacterium necrophorum larynx becomes infected and very swollen

Question 48

What are the clinical signs of necrotic laryngitis?

Answer 48

honking on inhalation, neck stretched out, foul breath, +/- fever

Question 49

How do we treat necrotic laryngitis?

Answer 49

ABX, anti-inflammatories, swab throat with iodine - no vax

Question 50

How does a cow become infected with lung worm and what determines the severity?

Answer 50

on pasture in wet conditions severity and immune response related to # of larvae ingested

Question 51

What is the scientific name for lungworm?

Answer 51

Dictyocaulas viviparous

Question 52

What are the clinical signs of lungworm?

Answer 52

tachypnea, coughing, head stretched out, mouth open, drooling, anorexia, high fatality

Question 53

How do we treat lungworm?

Answer 53

broad spectrum parasiticides - avermectins, fenbendazole

Question 54

What is nitrate poisoning?

Answer 54

nitrite in bloodstream converts to methemoglobin - grazing plants with high levels of nitrate, fertilizer ingestion

Question 55

What are the clinical signs of nitrate poisoning?

Answer 55

muscle tremors, staggering, dyspnea, blue-gray MM, death within hours

Question 56

How do we treat/prevent nitrate poisoning?

Answer 56

IV methylene blue infusion, feed management