GI Cancers Flashcards
What are cancers involving epithelial cells called?
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) Adenocarcinoma
What are cancers involving neuroendocrine cells called?
Neuroendocrine Tumours (NETs) Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumours (GISTs)
Give example of neuroendocrine cells of the GI tract
Enterocendocrine cells
Interstitial cells of Cajal
What are cancer involving connective tissues called?
Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcomas
Adipose tissue Liposarcomas
What are the three parts of the oesophagus?
Cervical
Middle
Lower
What are the two types of oesophageal cancer?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
What are the main features of squamous cell carcinoma?
From normal oesophageal squamous epithelium
Upper 2/3
Acetaldehyde pathway
Less developed world
What are the main features of adenocarcinoma?
From metaplastic columnar epithelium
Lower 1/3 of oesophagus
Related to acid reflux
More developed world
What leads to adenocarcinoma?
Oesophagitis (inflammation)
Barrett’s (metaplasia)
Adenocarcinoma (neoplasia)
What is the guidelines for Barrett’s surveillance?
No dysplasia → Every 2-3 years
LGD → every 6 months
HGD → intervention
What is LGD and HGD?
Low/High Grade dysplasia
Who is most affected by oesophageal cancer?
Elderly males
What are common facts about OG cancer?
Late presentation 65% palliative High morbidity & complex surgery Poor 5-year survival <20% Palliation- difficult
What are the diagnostic methods for OG cancer?
Endoscopy and biopsy
What occurs after diagnosis of OG cancer?
Staging
CT Scan (chest, abdo and pelvis)
Laparoscopy (imaging with air, to look for smaller growths)
PET Scan?
What are the treatment options for OG cancer?
Curative:
Neo-adjuvant chemo (pre-surgery)
Radical Surgery
Palliative:
Chemo
Stent
How is a oesophagectomy performed?
Divide stomach
Divde oesophagus
Connect
OR
Two-stage Ivor Lewis approach
What are the main features for colorectal cancer?
Most common GI cancer in Western Societies
Third most common cancer death in men & women
Appendicitis is 8.6% M vs. 6.7% F
What is the lifetime risk for colorectal cancer?
Lifetime risk
1 in 10 for men
1 in 14 for women
Who is generally affected with colorectal cancer?
Generally affect patients > 50 years (>90% of cases)
What are the different forms of colorectal cancer?
Sporadic
Familial (1st degree)
Hereditary syndrome