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FAE and AOS > GI booklet > Flashcards

GI booklet Flashcards

1
Q

What are the nine compartments of the abdomen?

A

Right hypochondriac | Epigastric | Left hypogastric
Right Lumbar | Umbilical | Left lumbar
Right iliac |Hypogastric | left Iliac

Iliac may be called inguinal
Hypogastric may be called suprapubic

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2
Q

What lines divide the abdomen into four quadrants?

A

Trans pyloric line

Midline

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3
Q

What lines divide the abdomen into 9 regions?

A

Right/left interclavicular lines
Trans tuberculum line
Subcostal line

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4
Q

What organs are found in the right hypochondriac region?

A

Liver

Gallbladder

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5
Q

What organs are found in the left hypochondriac region?

A

Spleen
Pancreas
Kidney

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6
Q

What organs are found in the epigastric region?

A

Stomach
Liver
Pancreas

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7
Q

What organs are found in the right lumbar region?

A

Kidney

Asc colon

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8
Q

What organs are found in the umbilical region?

A

Transverse colon

Jenunum/duodenum/ileum

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9
Q

What organs are found in the left lumbar region?

A

Desc colon

Kidney

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10
Q

What organs are found in the right iliac region?

A

Caecum
Appendix
Asc colon

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11
Q

What organs are found in the hypogastric region?

A

Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Bladder

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12
Q

What organs are found in the left iliacregion?

A

Rectum

Desc colon

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13
Q

What is the action of the external oblique?

A

Abducts trunk

Rotates trunk

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14
Q

What is the innervation of the external oblique?

A

T7-T12

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15
Q

What is the action of the internal oblique?

A

Abducts trunk

Rotates trunk

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16
Q

What is the innervation of the internal oblique?

A

T7-T12, L1

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17
Q

What is the action of the rectus abdominis?

A

Flexes trunk

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18
Q

What is the innervation of the rectus abdominis?

A

T7-T12

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19
Q

What is the action of the transverse abdominis?

A

Compresses abdominal contents

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20
Q

What is the innervation of the transverse abdominis?

A

T7-T12, L1

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21
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeurosis of the adominal wall muscles
>External ob
>Internal ob
>Transverse abdominis

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22
Q

How does the rectus sheath differ above and below the umbilicus?

A

Above the umbilicus it is thicker and more muscular than below

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23
Q

What is the level of the umbilicus?

A

L1

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24
Q

What is the dermatome of the umbilicus?

A

T10

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25
Q

What bony points is the inguinal ligment attached to?

A

Pubic tubercle

Anterior superior iliac spine

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26
Q

What makes up the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

Aponeurosis of external oblique

Superficial inguinal ring

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27
Q

What makes up the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

Transveralis fascia
Deep inguinal ring
Conjoint tendon

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28
Q

What makes up the roof of the inguinal canal?

A

Transveralis fascia

Aponeurosis of external oblique

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29
Q

What makes up the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

Inguinal ligament
Lacunar ligament
Iliopubic tract

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30
Q

What is the relationship of the deep inguinal ring to the inferior epigastric vessels?

A

Superior and lateral to them

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31
Q

What is the relationship of the superficial ring to the pubic tubercle?

A

It lies superolaterally to it

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32
Q

What are the contents of the male inguinal canal?

A 
Spermatic cord:
>Vas deferens
>Testicular veins/arteries
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
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33
Q

What are the contents of the female inguinal canal?

A

Round ligament
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

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34
Q

What are the types of inguinal hernia?

A

Direct

Indirect (most common)

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35
Q

What is an indirect hernia?

A

Congenital weakness of deep inguinal ring

Allows abdominal contents to enter into inguinal canal + out deep ring

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36
Q

What is a diret inguinal hernia?

A

Abdominal contents pass through weak spot in muscles of posterior wall
Enter through superficial inguinal ring

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37
Q

What is a femoral hernia?

A

Below inguinal ligament
>Abdominal contents pass into weak area of posterior femoral canal
More common in females

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38
Q

What are umbilical hernias?

A

Abdominal contents through weakness of umbilicus

Acquired rather than congenital in adults

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39
Q

What are the four layers of the GI tract?

A 
Mucosa
>Epithelium
>Lamina propria
>Muscularis mucosae
Sub mucosa
Muscularis propria
Serosa/adventitia
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40
Q

What are the subdivisions of the peritoneum?

A

Parietal

Visceral

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41
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

Continuous area between parietal/visceral linings

42
Q

What are the two major divisions of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Greater sac

Omental bursa

43
Q

How do the two sacs of the peritoneal cavity communicate?

A

Foramen of windslow

44
Q

Where is the foramen of windslow found?

A

Behind stomach + liver

45
Q

What organs are retroperitoneal?

A 
SCV/Aorta
Adrenal glands
Duodenum(1st 1/3)
Pancreas (not tail)
Ureters
Colon (asc/desc)
Kidneys
Oesophagus
Rectum (last 2/3s)
46
Q

What organs are intraperitoneal?

A 
Stomach
Appendic
Liver
Transverse colon 
Duodenum (last 2/3s)
Small intestines 
Pancreas - tail
Rectum (upper 1/3)
Sigmois
Spleen
47
Q

What is present in the peritoneal cavity?

A

Peritoneal fluid

48
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum are mroe sensitive to pressure, pain heat and cold?

49
Q

What are the attachments of the greater omentum?

A

Greater curvature of stomach

Transverse colon

50
Q

What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?

A

Liver

Stomach - lesser curvature

51
Q

How does the greater omentum localise infection?

A

The inflammatory exudate causes the omentum to adhere to the site of infection
Causes it to wrap around infected organ
Thus containing the infection

52
Q

Where does the parietal peritoneum get its innervation?

A

T7-12 + L1
>Somatic nerves
>Pain easily localised

53
Q

Where does the visceral peritoneum get its innervation?

A

Autonomic nerves

>Pain often referred

54
Q

What muscles are found on the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Psoas major
Psoas minor
Quadratus lumborum

55
Q

What organs/tubes are found on the psoterior abdominal wall?

A 
Kidneys
Desc/asc colon
Pancreas
Duodenum
Rectum
Oesphagus
56
Q

What are the main vesels int he psoterior abdominal wall?

A

IVC
Aorta
Ureters

57
Q

What are the main nerves of the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Lumbar plexus

Sacral plexus

58
Q

What are the three openings of the diaphgram?

A

Aortic hiatus
Carval hiatus
Oesophgeal hiatus

59
Q

What are the three main branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the gut?

A

Coeliac trunk
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteri artery

60
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta divide into 2 common iliac arteries?

61
Q

What are the two main tributaries to the IVC?

A

Common iliac veins

Herpatic veins

62
Q

What is the vertebral level of the coeliac trunk?

63
Q

What is the vertebral level of the superior mesenteric artery?

64
Q

What is the vertebral level of the inferior mesenteric artery?

65
Q

What structures arose from the foregut?

A 
Abdominal oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum first 1/3
Liver
Pancreas
66
Q

What organs arose from the midgut?

A

last 2/3s of duodenum
Ileum/jejnum
Asc colon
Pancreas

67
Q

What organs arose from the hindgut?

A

Desc colon
Anal canal
Rectum
Sigmoid colon

> Everything after left colonic flexture

68
Q

What artery supplies the foregut?

A

Coeliac trunk

69
Q

What artery supplies the midgut?

A

Superior mesenteric artery

70
Q

What artery supplies the hindgut?

A

Inferior mesenteric artery

71
Q

What two organs are part of the fore/mid gut that are not part of the GI tube?

A

Lung

Spleen

72
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Blood from organs in series

73
Q

What veins make up the portal vein?

A 
Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric (inferior already has tributed to this)
74
Q

What are the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis?

A

Distal oesophagus
Umbilical
Distal rectum
Liver

75
Q

Where does blood superior to the diaphgram and inferior to the pelvic floor dtain?

A

Into the systemic venous system

76
Q

What is the significance of the portocaval anastomoses?

A

If portal hypertension, then these swell and give clinical signs
>Haemmarhoids
Blood in oesophagus
>Caput medusa

Can show in excess alcohol

77
Q

what is the sympathetic innervation to the abdominal viscera?

A

Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser least)
Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
Abdominal aortic plexuses

78
Q

what is the parasympathetic innervation to the abdominal viscera?

A

Anterior and posterior vagal trunks (vagus nerve)

Pelvic splanchinic nerves (S2-4)

79
Q

How does the ANS affect GI secretion?

A

Parasympathetic increases

Sympathetic decreases

80
Q

How does the ANS affect peristalsis?

A

Parasympathetic increaes

Symp decreases

81
Q

How does the ANS affect blood vessesls?

A

Parasympatethtic causes vasodilation

Symp - vasoconstriction

82
Q

What is the functional difference between the greater/lesser/least splanchnic nerves and pelvic splanchnic nerves?

A

Greater/lesser/least are sympathetic

Pelvic are para

83
Q

What is the level of the kidneys?

84
Q

What is the anterior to posterior arrangement of the structures leaving/entering the hilum of the kidney?

A

Vein
Artery
Ureter

85
Q

What type of gland is the suprarenal gland?

86
Q

What is the term for the expanded upper part of the ureter?

A

Renal pelvis

87
Q

What are the three constrictions of the ureters?

A

Pelviureteric junction
Common iliac artery
Bladder

88
Q

What are the three constrictions of the oesophagus?

A

Cervical
Thoracic
Diaphragmatic

89
Q

What structures transverse the oesophageal hiatus?

A

Oesophagus
Phrenic nerve
vagus nerve

90
Q

What is the blood/lymphatic supply of the abdominal oesophagus?

A

Left gastric artery/vein
Thoracic duct - lymphatics
>Drained by gastric lymph nodes

91
Q

What are the two origices of the stomach?

A

LOS

Pyloric

92
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Sphincter at the bottom of the stomach

93
Q

What is the function of the pyloric sphincter?

A

Allows food into duodenum by controlling discharge

94
Q

What forms the pyloric sphincter?

A

The thickening of the muscularis externus

95
Q

What forms the gastric folds?

A

Gastric mucosae

96
Q

What structures form the stomach bed?

A 
Left dome of diaphgram
Pancreas
Spleen
Left kidney
Transverse colon
Colon
Left suprarenal gland
97
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the stomach?

A

Superior gastric nodes
Suprapyloric nodes
Inferior gastric nodes
Pancreatic nodes

98
Q

All four of the stomach lymphatic nodes drain into what lymph system?

A

Coeliac group
Into intestinal
Into cisterna chyli
Into thoracic duct

99
Q

How does the vagus nerve affect the stomach?

A

Decreaes pyloric emptying

Increaes gastric secretion

100
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

FAE and AOS (13 decks)

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