GI Anatomy Flashcards
What are the 4 Extrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Gengioglossus
Hypoglossus
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus
What Cranial Nerve innervates the tongue muscles?
CNXII hypoglossal
What muscle closes the lips to prevent drooling?
Orbicularis Oris
Where does the oesophagus begin?
Vertebral level C6
Inferior edge of cricopharyngeus muscle
Where in the abdomen does the stomach lie?
Left hypochondrium
Epigastric
Umbilicus
What is the superior part of the stomach called?
Fundus
What is the first part of the stomach?
The cardia
What are the folds in the stomach called?
Rugae
What are the sections of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
What are the parts of the colon?
Caecum Appendix Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid
What organs make up the foregut?
Oesophagus to mid-duodenum
Liver and gall bladder
Spleen
1/2 pancreas
What organs make up the midgut?
Mid duodenum to proximal 2/3 Transverse colon
1/2 pancreas
What organs make up the hindgut?
Distal 1/3 transverse colon to proximal half of anal canal
What are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
Recurs abdominals
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominus
What are intraperitoneal organs?
Almost completely covered in visceral peritoneum
What are organs with a mesentery?
Organs are covered in visceral peritoneum which wraps behind the organ forming a double layer- mesentery
What is a retroperitoneal organ?
Only has visceral peritoneum on its anterior side.
What is the omentum?
Double layer of peritoneum passing from stomach to adjacent organs.
What is the omental foramen?
Where the greater and lesser sacs communicate (foramen of Winslow)
What is the pouch found in the pelvic organs of the male called?
Rectovesical pouch
What are the 2 pouches in the pelvic cavity of the female called?
Vesicouterine pouch
Rectouterine (pouch of Douglas) pouch
What is ascites?
Collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
What are common causes of ascitis?
Cirrhosis
Portal hypertension
How would fluid from the abdomen be drained?
Abdominocentesis
In what region does foregut pain tend to be felt?
Epigastric region
In what region does midgut pain tend to be felt?
Umbilical region
In what region does hindgut pain tend to be felt?
Pubic region
What is jaundice?
Yellowing of the eyes and skin caused by an increase in levels of bilirubin.
What is bilirubin?
A normal by-product of the breakdown of RBCs.
What is the role of the gall bladder?
Important in storage and concentration of bile.
What is bile for?
Normal absorption of fats from the small intestine
What are the 4 anatomical lobes of the lives?
Right
Left
Quadrate
Caudate
What is the portal hepatis?
The site of entrance for the portal triad structures.
What do the 8 functional segments allow for surgically?
Segmentectomy
What does each liver segment have? (4)
Branch of hepatic artery
Branch of hepatic portal vein
Bile drainage to bile duct
Venous drainage to IVC
What is contained within the portal triad?
Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery proper
Bile duct
What does the coeliac trunk trifurcate into?
Splenic artery
Left gastric artery
Common hepatic artery
What are the major blood supply to the stomach?
Right and left gastric arteries
What are the minor blood supplies to the stomach?
Right and left gastro-omental arteries
Where does the livers blood supply come from?
Right and left hepatic arteries (branches of the hepatic artery proper)
Hepatic portal vein
What are the 2 recesses within the greater sac?
Hepatorenal recess (Morrison’s pouch) Subphrenic recess
What forms the hepatic portal vein?
Splenic vein
Superior mesenteric vein
What is the function of the gallbladder?
To store and concentrate bile
What makes up the cystohepatic triangle of Calot?
Cystic artery
Cystic duct
Common hepatic duct
What is the surgical term for removal of the gallbladder?
Cholecystectomy
What forms the common hepatic duct?
The left and right hepatic ducts
What forms the common bile duct?
Common hepatic duct
Bile duct
Where does the bile duct and pancreatic duct drain into?
The 2nd part of the duodenum
What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?
Superior
Descending
Horizontal
Ascending
Where does the duodenum begin and end?
The pyloric sphincter
The Duodenojejunal flexure
What are the parts of the pancreas?
Head
Neck
Body
Tail
What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?
Acinar cells release digestive enzymes into the main pancreatic duct.
What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?
Islets of langerhan release insulin and glucagon into the blood stream.
What structures form the Ampulla of Vater?
Bile duct and the main pancreatic duct
Where does bile enter into the duodenum?
The major duodenal papilla
What is the minor duodenal papilla?
Where the accessory pancreatic duct drains into
What sphincter controls bile movement into the duodenum?
Sphincter of Oddi
What is an ERCP?
Investigation of biliary tree and pancreas
What can cause obstructions of the biliary tree, leading to jaundice?
Gallstones
Carcinoma at pancreas head
What is the arterial blood supply of the jejunum and ilium?
The superior mesenteric arteries via the jejunal and ileal arteries.
What the venous drainage of the jejunum and ilium?
The jejunal and ileal veins to the superior mesenteric vein and hepatic portal vein.
What do the celiac lymph nodes drain?
Foregut organs
What do the superior mesenteric lymph nodes drain?
Midgut organs
What do inferior mesenteric lymph nodes drain?
Hindgut organs
What do lumbar lymph nodes drain?
Kidneys
Posterior abdo wall
Pelvis
Lower limbs
Where are the venous angles?
Between subclavian and internal jugular veins
Where are the Paracic gutters?
Between the lateral edge of the ascending and descending colon and abdominal wall.
What is McBurney’s point?
Corresponds to the appendiceal orrifce in the posteromedial wall of the ceacum.
What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?
The common iliacs
What supplies the rectum and anal canal?
Superior rectal artery
What venous system drains the foregut structures?
Splenic vein
What vein drains the midgut structures?
Superior mesenteric artery
What veins drains the hindgut structures?
Inferior mesenteric vein
What can cause portal hypertension?
Liver pathology (cirrhosis) Tumour compressing the HPV
What is haematemesis?
Vommiting up blood
