GI Anatomy Flashcards by Charlotte Gemmell

What are the 4 Extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Gengioglossus
Hypoglossus
Palatoglossus
Styloglossus

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What Cranial Nerve innervates the tongue muscles?

CNXII hypoglossal

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What muscle closes the lips to prevent drooling?

Orbicularis Oris

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Where does the oesophagus begin?

Vertebral level C6

Inferior edge of cricopharyngeus muscle

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Where in the abdomen does the stomach lie?

Left hypochondrium
Epigastric
Umbilicus

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What is the superior part of the stomach called?

Fundus

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What is the first part of the stomach?

The cardia

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What are the folds in the stomach called?

Rugae

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What are the sections of the small intestine?

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

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What are the parts of the colon?

Caecum 
Appendix 
Ascending 
Transverse 
Descending 
Sigmoid

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What organs make up the foregut?

Oesophagus to mid-duodenum
Liver and gall bladder
Spleen
1/2 pancreas

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What organs make up the midgut?

Mid duodenum to proximal 2/3 Transverse colon

1/2 pancreas

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What organs make up the hindgut?

Distal 1/3 transverse colon to proximal half of anal canal

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What are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

Recurs abdominals
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominus

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What are intraperitoneal organs?

Almost completely covered in visceral peritoneum

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What are organs with a mesentery?

Organs are covered in visceral peritoneum which wraps behind the organ forming a double layer- mesentery

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What is a retroperitoneal organ?

Only has visceral peritoneum on its anterior side.

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What is the omentum?

Double layer of peritoneum passing from stomach to adjacent organs.

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What is the omental foramen?

Where the greater and lesser sacs communicate (foramen of Winslow)

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What is the pouch found in the pelvic organs of the male called?

Rectovesical pouch

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What are the 2 pouches in the pelvic cavity of the female called?

Vesicouterine pouch

Rectouterine (pouch of Douglas) pouch

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What is ascites?

Collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

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What are common causes of ascitis?

Cirrhosis

Portal hypertension

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How would fluid from the abdomen be drained?

Abdominocentesis

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In what region does foregut pain tend to be felt?

Epigastric region

In what region does midgut pain tend to be felt?

Umbilical region

In what region does hindgut pain tend to be felt?

Pubic region

What is jaundice?

Yellowing of the eyes and skin caused by an increase in levels of bilirubin.

What is bilirubin?

A normal by-product of the breakdown of RBCs.

What is the role of the gall bladder?

Important in storage and concentration of bile.

What is bile for?

Normal absorption of fats from the small intestine

What are the 4 anatomical lobes of the lives?

Right Left Quadrate Caudate

What is the portal hepatis?

The site of entrance for the portal triad structures.

What do the 8 functional segments allow for surgically?

Segmentectomy

What does each liver segment have? (4)

Branch of hepatic artery Branch of hepatic portal vein Bile drainage to bile duct Venous drainage to IVC

What is contained within the portal triad?

Hepatic portal vein Hepatic artery proper Bile duct

What does the coeliac trunk trifurcate into?

Splenic artery Left gastric artery Common hepatic artery

What are the major blood supply to the stomach?

Right and left gastric arteries

What are the minor blood supplies to the stomach?

Right and left gastro-omental arteries

Where does the livers blood supply come from?

Right and left hepatic arteries (branches of the hepatic artery proper) Hepatic portal vein

What are the 2 recesses within the greater sac?

``` Hepatorenal recess (Morrison’s pouch) Subphrenic recess ```

What forms the hepatic portal vein?

Splenic vein | Superior mesenteric vein

What is the function of the gallbladder?

To store and concentrate bile

What makes up the cystohepatic triangle of Calot?

Cystic artery Cystic duct Common hepatic duct

What is the surgical term for removal of the gallbladder?

Cholecystectomy

What forms the common hepatic duct?

The left and right hepatic ducts

What forms the common bile duct?

Common hepatic duct | Bile duct

Where does the bile duct and pancreatic duct drain into?

The 2nd part of the duodenum

What are the 4 parts of the duodenum?

Superior Descending Horizontal Ascending

Where does the duodenum begin and end?

The pyloric sphincter | The Duodenojejunal flexure

What are the parts of the pancreas?

Head Neck Body Tail

What are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

Acinar cells release digestive enzymes into the main pancreatic duct.

What are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

Islets of langerhan release insulin and glucagon into the blood stream.

What structures form the Ampulla of Vater?

Bile duct and the main pancreatic duct

Where does bile enter into the duodenum?

The major duodenal papilla

What is the minor duodenal papilla?

Where the accessory pancreatic duct drains into

What sphincter controls bile movement into the duodenum?

Sphincter of Oddi

What is an ERCP?

Investigation of biliary tree and pancreas

What can cause obstructions of the biliary tree, leading to jaundice?

Gallstones | Carcinoma at pancreas head

What is the arterial blood supply of the jejunum and ilium?

The superior mesenteric arteries via the jejunal and ileal arteries.

What the venous drainage of the jejunum and ilium?

The jejunal and ileal veins to the superior mesenteric vein and hepatic portal vein.

What do the celiac lymph nodes drain?

Foregut organs

What do the superior mesenteric lymph nodes drain?

Midgut organs

What do inferior mesenteric lymph nodes drain?

Hindgut organs

What do lumbar lymph nodes drain?

Kidneys Posterior abdo wall Pelvis Lower limbs

Where are the venous angles?

Between subclavian and internal jugular veins

Where are the Paracic gutters?

Between the lateral edge of the ascending and descending colon and abdominal wall.

What is McBurney’s point?

Corresponds to the appendiceal orrifce in the posteromedial wall of the ceacum.

What does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?

The common iliacs

What supplies the rectum and anal canal?

Superior rectal artery

What venous system drains the foregut structures?

Splenic vein

What vein drains the midgut structures?

Superior mesenteric artery

What veins drains the hindgut structures?

Inferior mesenteric vein

What can cause portal hypertension?

``` Liver pathology (cirrhosis) Tumour compressing the HPV ```

What is haematemesis?

Vommiting up blood