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GI (Y1) > GI Anatomy 5 - Week 4 > Flashcards

GI Anatomy 5 - Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

The large intestine, from proximal to distal, is made up of:

A 
Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
Hepatic flexure
Transverse colon
Splenic flexure
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Anal canal
Anus
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2
Q

Give some functions of the large intestine.

A

Defence – commensal bacteria
Absorption – H2O & electrolytes
Excretion – of formed stool

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3
Q

Which parts of the colon are intraperitoneal?

A

Appendix, transverse colon and sigmoid colon

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4
Q

Is the hepatic or splenic flexure more superior?

A

Splenic

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5
Q

What are the 3 parts of the mesentery?

A

Mesoappendix, Mesocolon, sigmoid

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6
Q

What are the 2 parts of the lesser omentum?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament, Hepatogastric ligament

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7
Q

The spaces between lateral edge of ascending and descending colon, and abdominal wall are called…

A

Paracolic gutters

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8
Q

Why are the paracolic gutters of clinical importance?

A

Potential sites for pus collection/ascites

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9
Q

What are 3 distinguishing features of the colon?

A

Omental appendices
Teniae coli
Haustra

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10
Q

What are omental appendices?

A

Small, fatty projections

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11
Q

What are tenaie coli?

A

3 distinct longitudinal bands of thickened smooth muscle, running from caecum to distal end of sigmoid colon

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12
Q

Tenaie coli result in…

A

Haustra

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13
Q

What is the location of the caecum and appendix?

A

Right iliac fossa

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14
Q

What is the position of the appendix?

A

Variable but usually retrocaecal (R iliac fossa)

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15
Q

What is the entrance to the appendix from the caecum?

A

Appendiceal orifice on posteromedial wall of caecum

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16
Q

What is meant by McBurney’s point?

A

1/3 of the way between right ASIS to umbilicus

Maximum tenderness in case of appendicitis (in theory)

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17
Q

What is the location of the sigmoid colon?

A

Left iliac fossa

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18
Q

Why is the long sigmoid mesocolon of clinical importance?

A

sigmoid colon at risk of twisting around itself - Sigmoid volvulus

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19
Q

Sigmoid volvulus can cause…

A

Bowel obstruction/ischaemia

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20
Q

The abdominal aorta lies ____ of the IVC.

A

Left

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21
Q

What are the 3 midline branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Celiac trunk (foregut organs)
Superior mesenteric artery (midgut organs)
Inferior mesenteric artery (hindgut organs)

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22
Q

What do the lateral branches of the abdominal aorta supply?

A 
Kidneys/adrenal glands
Gonads (Testes/Ovaries)
Body wall (Posterolateral)
23
Q

The abdominal aorta bifurcates into…

A

Common Iliac arteries

24
Q

At what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

25
Q

At what level does the coeliac trunk arise?

A

T12

26
Q

At what level does the superior mesenteric artery arise?

A

L1

27
Q

At what level does the inferior mesenteric artery arise?

A

L3

28
Q

The internal iliac artery supplies…

A

Pelvic structures

29
Q

The external iliac artery becomes…

A

Femoral artery

30
Q

Name the branches of the superior mesenteric artery.

A

Jejenal and ileal arteries, appendicular artery, ileocolic artery, right colic artery, middle colic artery, inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

31
Q

How does the jejenal and ileal arterial supply differ?

A

Jejenum has fewer arcades and longer vasa rectae (and the converse)

32
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Left colic artery, sigmoid arteries, superior rectal artery

33
Q

The anastamosis between the left colic and middle arteries is called…

A

The marginal artery of Drummond

34
Q

What is the marginal artery of Drummond?

A

The anastamosis between the left colic and middle arteries

35
Q

What is the significance of the marginal artery of Drummond?

A

these anastomoses could help prevent intestinal ischaemia by providing an alternative (collateral) route by which blood can travel

36
Q

Hindgut extends to the proximal half of the anal canal. The remainder is supplied by…

A

The internal iliac artery

37
Q

Explain the blood supply to the rectum & anus.

A

The superior rectal artery (from IMA), middle rectal artery and inferior artery (both from internal iliac). These all anastomose

38
Q

What are the 2 venous systems of the body?

A

Hepatic portal venous system & Systemic venous system

39
Q

What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?

A

Drains blood from foregut, midgut and hindgut structures to the liver for first pass metabolism

40
Q

What is the function of the splenic vein?

A

Drains blood form foregut structures to hepatic portal vein

41
Q

What is the function of the superior mesenteric vein?

A

Drains blood from midgut structures to hepatic portal vein

42
Q

What is the function of the inferior mesenteric vein?

A

Drains blood from hindgut structures to splenic vein

43
Q

Explain how blood from the gut organs drains into the hepatic portal vein.

A

Inferior Mesenteric vein and Splenic vein join together then joins the superior mesenteric vein to form the hepatic portal vein.

44
Q

Give examples of portal-systemic anastamoses which may be of importance in portal hypertension.

A

Distal end of the oesophagus, skin around umbillicus, rectum/anal canal

45
Q

Which anastamosis occurs at the skin around the umbillicus?

A

Connection between para-umbilical veins and small epigastric veins

46
Q

Which anastamosis occurs at the distal end of the oesophagus?

A

HPV & azygous vein

47
Q

Which anastamosis occurs at the rectum/anus which may be affected in portal hypertension?

A

Inferior mesenteric vein and internal iliac vein

48
Q

Give 2 causes of portal hypertension.

A 
Liver pathology (cirrhosis)
Tumour compressing HPV
49
Q

Give 3 Clinical presentations of portal hypertension.

A

Oesophageal varices, rectal varices, caput medusae

50
Q

What is meant by caput medusae?

A

Dilated veins around the umbillicus visible through the skin

51
Q

Explain the anatomy involved in caput medusae.

A

Dilated para-umbilical and dilated epigastric veins to to backflow of blood (due to increased portal pressure)

52
Q

Give a comon cause of haematemesis

A

Peptic ulcer

53
Q

Give the 2 most common locations of peptic ulcers.

A

Pylorus, duodenum

GI (Y1) (79 decks)

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