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GI Flashcards

1
Q

Olive mass, Projectile vomiting

A

Congenital pyloric stenosis

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2
Q

Duodenal Atresia genetics

A

Trisomy 21

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3
Q

Most common Tracheoesophageal anomaly

A

Esophageal atresia with distal Tracheoesophageal fistula (85%)

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4
Q

Annular Pancreas

A

Ventral pancreatic bud abnormally encircles 2nd p duodenum, may cause narrowing

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5
Q

Pancreas Divisum

A

Ventral and Dorsal parts fail to fuse at 8 weeks

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6
Q

Retroperitoneal structures

A 
SAD PUCKER
(Suprarenal gland, Aorta & IVC, Duodenum (2 & 3), Pancreas, Ureters, Colon (asc & des), Kidneys, Esophagus, Rectum)
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7
Q

Pringle Maneuver

A

Compress Hepatoduodenal ligament (contains portal triad) to control bleeding

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8
Q

Gut wall layers

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa (w/ Meissner’s (secretory) Plexus)
  • Muscularis externa (w/ Auerbach’s (motility) Plexus)
  • Serosa
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9
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A

-Goblet cells & Enterocytes

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10
Q

Brunner’s Glands

A
  • Proximal Duodenum submucosa

- Secrete bicarbonate to alkalize chyme

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11
Q

SMA syndrome

A

Duodenum (3) is trapped between SMA and aorta -> intestinal obstruction

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12
Q

Pectinate line

A

Endoderm meets Ectoderm

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13
Q

Sphincter of Oddi

A

Just inside Ampulla of Vater

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14
Q

Inguinal hernias: Direct v. Indirect

A

Abdominal wall v. Internal inguinal ring (into scrotum)

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15
Q

Femoral hernia

A
  • Below inguinal ligament

- Leading cause of bowel incarceration

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16
Q

Rectal adenocarcinoma presentation

A

Tenesmus & thin stool

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17
Q

Ulcerative colitis presentation

A

Recurrent grossly bloody stool and low grade fever

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18
Q

Left-sided colon cancer presentation

A

Abdominal cramps, distention, nausea

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19
Q

Irritable bowel syndrome presentation

A

Constipation alternating with diarrhea

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20
Q

Right-sided colon cancer presentation

A

Weight loss and progressive fatigue

21
Q

Calories per gram

A

4,9,4,7

22
Q

Organism most likely to infect with a very small innoculum

A

Shigella

-Also C.jejuni, C.perfringens, E.histolytica, G.lamblia

23
Q

Ribavirin MOA, SE

A

Inhibit viral DNA/RNA replication

Hemolytic anemia, teratogen

24
Q

Stimulate HCl release from parietal cells

A

Gastrin (+proliferate), Histamine, Acetylcholine

25
Q

Inhibit HCl release from parietal cells

A

PGE2

26
Q

Whipple disease stain

A

PAS (glycoprotein)

27
Q

Diphenoxylate

Meperidine

A

Opioid analgesic - lowers motility, tx diarrhea

28
Q

Octreotide

A

Secretory diarrhea

29
Q

D-xylose absorption

A

Normal in pancreatic pathology

Decreased in intestinal pathology

30
Q

Rose spots

A

Typhoid fever (S. typhi)

31
Q

Celiac antibody

A

IgA anti-tissue transglutaminase

32
Q

Cystic fibrosis

A

Mucus plugs of lungs, liver, pancreas
Meconium ileus in newborns
Nasal polyps

33
Q

Cystic fibrosis susceptibility

A

Pseudomonas

Staph aureus

34
Q

VIPoma

A 
WDHA syndrome (Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, Achlorhydia)
Tx with Somatostatin (octreotide)
35
Q

Anal fissure location

A

Posterior midline, distal to dentate line

36
Q

Portal HTN Tx

A

TIPS (Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt)

37
Q

Ischemia liver zone

A

Zone 3 (centrilobular)

38
Q

Viral hepatitis liver zone

A

Zone 1 (periportal)

39
Q

Alcohol toxicity liver zone

A

Zone 3 (centrilobular)

40
Q

Sliding hiatal hernia

A

Upward displaced GE junction

Hourglass stomach

41
Q

Paraesophageal hernia

A

Normal GE junction

Fundus protrudes into thorax

42
Q

Hesselbach’s triangle

A

Direct inguinal hernia

(inferior epigastrics, inguinal ligament, lateral border of rectus abdominis

43
Q

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

A

Gastrinoma

  • Hyperacidity
  • Rugal thickening (G cell hyperplasia)
44
Q

Gastrin - source, action, regulation

A

G cells (antrum)

  • Gastric H+, gastric motility, gastric growth
  • Distention, food, vagus; Decreased by acidity
45
Q

CCK - source, action, regulation

A

I cells (duodenum, jejunum)

  • Pancreatic secretion, gallbladder contraction, decrease gastric emptying
  • Fatty acids, AAs
46
Q

Secretin - source, action, regulation

A

S cells (duodenum)

  • Pancreatic bicarb secretion, bile secretion, decrease gastric H+ secretion
  • Acid, FAs in duodenum
47
Q

Somatostatin - source, action, regulation

A

D cells (pancreatic islets, GI mucosa)

  • Decrease gastric/pancreatic/intestine secretion, gallbladder contraction, insulin/glucagon release
  • Acid, decreased by vagus
48
Q

VIP (Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide) - source, action, regulation

A

Parasym ganglia in sphincters, GB, and small intestine

  • Intestinal secretions, sphincter relaxation
  • Distention, vagus; decreased by adrenergic input
49
Q

Motilin - source, action, regulation

A

Small intestine

  • Produces MMCs (migrating motor complexes)
  • Fasting

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