GI-3

Question 1

What are the 4 types of hernias?

Answer 1

Inguinal, umbilical, incisional, and femoral

Question 2

What is an inguinal hernia?

Answer 2

When the canal which allows the testis to drop into the scrotum remains open after birth

Question 3

What is an umbilical hernia?

Answer 3

Outie belly button, opening in the abdominal wall

Question 4

What is an incisional hernia?

Answer 4

Scar tissue replaces an incision area. The scar tissue is not as strong and the intestine pushes through it

Question 5

What is a femoral hernia?

Answer 5

The femoral artery and vein enter the abdominal cavity into the leg

Question 6

What is it called when the bowel moves into an area?

Answer 6

A sliding hernia

Question 7

What is it called when the bowel segment twists and cuts off its own blood supply?

Answer 7

Strangulated hernia

Question 8

What is an adhesion?

Answer 8

Fibrous bands form between structures due to peritoneal inflammation or surgery. The adhesion acts as a fulcrum which allows the structure to twist on itself

Question 9

What is a volvulus?

Answer 9

Twisting of bowel occurring spontaneously that leads to compression of the mesentery vein and artery causing infarct

Question 10

Where is intussusception common?

Answer 10

Ileocecal valve

Question 11

What are diverticula?

Answer 11

Outpuchings of the bowel wall

Question 12

Colonic diverticulosis is often secondary to?

Answer 12

Constipation

Question 13

Why are colonic diverticula called false diverticula?

Answer 13

No muscularis propria

Question 14

What are the 3 possible outcomes of colonic diverticula

Answer 14

1. Hypertrophy of the muscularis propria causing further diverticulosis
2. Fecal impaction leading to infection by bacteria or diverticulitis, this can spill into abdomen (peritonitis)
3. Diverticula can rupture into blood vessel

Question 15

What is the term for the point of least resistance where diverticula can develop?

Answer 15

Locus minoris resistentiae

Question 16

What is ileus?

Answer 16

Absence of peristalsis in the GI tract

Question 17

What 2 things can cause ileus?

Answer 17

1. Irritation of the peritoneum (manipulation during surgery)
2. Spastic contraction of the bowel (volvulus)

Question 18

What are symptoms of IBS?

Answer 18

Distention and pain, flatulence, disordered bowel functions

Question 19

What are extra intestinal causes of malabsorption?

Answer 19

Pancreatic or biliary secretion inadequacy

Question 20

Deficiency in what enzymes can cause intestinal malabsorption?

Answer 20

Disaccharidase and lactase deficiencies

Question 21

Celiac disease leads to?

Answer 21

Fat in stools, inability to absorb fat soluble vitamins, anemia, abdominal pain

Question 22

What causes celiac?

Answer 22

Sensitivity to gluten, a part of it called gliaden

Question 23

Gliaden is acted on by what enzyme?

Answer 23

Tissue transglutaminase

Question 24

Serum tests for celiac look for?

Answer 24

Anti-gliadin and anti-tTg antibodies

Question 25

Those with celiac may develop what skin condition?

Answer 25

Dermatitis herptiformis

Question 26

What type of malignancy is associated with celiac?

Answer 26

Enteropathy associated t cell lymphoma

Question 27

What is Whipple disease?

Answer 27

Malabsorption disease where mucosa is infiltrated by foamy macrophages with whippelli bacteria

Question 28

T whippelli is positive for?

Answer 28

PAS

Question 29

Where do hemorrhoids often form?

Answer 29

At the anorectal junction

Question 30

What is the cause of internal hemorrhoids?

Answer 30

Portal hypertension

Question 31

Ischemic colitis can lead to?

Answer 31

Transmural infarction