GI- 1 Flashcards

(37 cards)

1
Q

What are the layers of the esophagus?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis propria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does most important pathology occur?

A

GE junction, where the squamous epithelium gives way to the glandular epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The GE junction is AKA

A

The z-line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common congenital anomaly?

A

A tracheo-esophgeal fistula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Tracheo-esophageal fistula is associated with what in 90% of cases?

A

Esophageal atresia in the middle third

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When does tracheo-esophageal fistula present itself and how can it lead to death?

A

During the neonatal period

Death by aspiration pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 2 major types of hernias?

A

Hiatal and paraesophageal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

When the entire proximal stomach protrudes into the mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a paraesophageal hernia?

A

Rolling when part of the fundus protrudes into the mediastinum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most important cause of esophagitis?

A

Reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens in reflux esophagitis?

A

There is passage of gastric and duodenal contents through the lower esophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are common elements of reflux esophagitis?

A

Elongation of rete, basal cell hyperplasia, and intraepithelial eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Intraepithelial eosinophils are seen in what other type of esophagitis? The pattern seen endoscopically is called?

A

Hypersensitivity esophagitis

Feline or trachealization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Intestinalization of glandular epithelium occurs in?

A

Barret’s esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the color of the mucosa in barret’s compare to normal?

A

Red, velvety vs. pale pink

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Intestinalization refers to presence of what cells?

17
Q

What is the most common cause of infectious esophagitis?

A

Candida like albicans or tropicalis

18
Q

How does candida related esophagitis present itself and how is it treated?

A

Dysphagia, treated with antifungals like fluconazole

19
Q

What is the 2nd most common cause of infectious esophagitis?

A

Herpes simplex virus

20
Q

Who gets infected with HSV related IE?

A

Immunocompromised adults and children

21
Q

HSV can cause what other then IE?

22
Q

How do you treat HSV?

A

Antivirals like acyclovir

23
Q

Cytomegalovirus is seen in who? What can it lead to?

A

Always in immunocompromised patients and leads to ulcers that resemble HSV ulcers

24
Q

CMV cells possess what type of nucleus?

25
What is Mallory-Weiss syndrome?
When there are longitudinal tears in the lower esophagus that may also extend into the upper stomach
26
What does MW syndrome lead to and who gets it?
Leads to hematemesis or vomiting blood, seen in alcoholics
27
Are the tears perforating or superficial?
Superficial
28
A syndrome that has transmural tears is?
Boerhaave syndrome
29
Esophageal varices are a complication of?
Portal hypertension
30
What is the cause of varices and what can it result in?
Caused by alcohol and leads to hematemesis and death
31
Which vein is a major player in the formation of esophageal varices?
The left gastric vein or the cardiac vein
32
What are the two types of esophageal carcinoma?
Squamous cell and adenocarcinoma
33
Which type of esophageal carcinoma is most common the US? Worldwide?
In the US the numbers are about the same due to genetic and environment. Worldwide SCC is 90%
34
What are the main causes of esophageal carcinoma in the US? Who gets it more often, men or women?
Smoking and alcohol, men get it 4x as often
35
Almost all esophageal adenocarcinomas occur in the presence of?
Barret's esophagus
36
Describes types A-E of atresia and fistulas
``` A is atresia without fistula B is atresia with proximal fistula C is atresia with distal fistula D is atresia with proximal and distal E is fistula without atresia ```
37
Esophageal varices result from?
Increase in pressure in the portal vein which shunts blood into associated veins not meant to withstand the increased pressure