Female Reproductive diseases Flashcards
The exocervix and endocervix are covered with what tissues?
The exocervix is covered with stratified squamous epithelium and the endocervix is covered with columnar epithelium
The columnar epithelium is responsible for?
Cervical mucous secretion
Describe the nucleus of cells in the exocervix.
Small nuclei with a lot of cytoplasm
What is the transformation zone?
The area between the original SC junction and the current one, this is where cancers occur
How is the SC junction viewed?
Colposcopy
What causes polyps?
Trauma, spotting or post-coital bleeding
Post-coital bleeding is a red flag for?
Cervical cancer
Who gets cervicitis? What conditions make it worse?
Any woman that has had sex. STDS make it worse
Presence of pus (mucopurulent cervicitis_ in the cervix usually indicates?
Gonorrhea or chlamydia
HPV 6 and 1 1 cause?
Condyloma, low risk, warts
HPV 16 and 18 cause?
Cervical disease, high risk
What are 3 problems caused by gonorrhea and chlamydia?
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Infertility
What is trichomonad vaginalis?
A protozoa that causes strawberry cervix
When HPV is found in cancers it is often?
Integrated into the host DNA
The ability of HPV to act as a carcinogen depends on? Why?
Viral proteins E6 and E7, these interfere with activity of tumor suppressor proteins
The contagious form of HPV that produces warts presents as?
Episomal or nonintegrated
Histologically HPV is marked by the presence of?
Koilocytes and raisinoid nuclei
What is a marker for dysplasia? Marker of high risk HPV?
Ki67 and p16 respectively
Which 2 forms of HPV account for most cervical cancers?
16 and 18
Infections last longer with low or high risk HPV?
High
What happens to most cases of low risk?
Revert to normal
What happens to most cases of high risk?
They persist
Is the pap smear a good diagnostic test?
No
High grade dysplasia appears how histologically?
Large nuclei with mouse bite irregularities. The nuclei are dark due to large amounts of chromatin
Most cervical caners are?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What cells are used for research that were made from cervical cancer?
HeLa cells
What measurements are used to determine staging?
Depth and width
