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Nursing Test 3 > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

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0
Q

What is propulsion along GI tract called

A

Peristalsis

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1
Q

Main function of GI tract

A

Supply nutrients to body cells

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2
Q

Taking food and moving it along the GI tract

A

Ingestion&Propulsion

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3
Q

Breakdown of food

A

Digestion

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4
Q

Transfer of food products into circulation

A

Absorption

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5
Q

Excreting the waste products of digestion

A

Elimination

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6
Q

How long is the GI tract? From where to where ?

A

30 feet

Mouth to anus

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7
Q

4 layers of entire GI tract

A

Mucous
Submucosa
Muscle
Serosa

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8
Q

What does Parasympathetic NS do when dealing with GI

A

Excitatory

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9
Q

What does sympathetic NS do when dealing with GI

A

Inhibitory

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10
Q

What in the GI tract sends signals to the ANS

A

Sensory fibers

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11
Q

Peristalsis in increased by _________ and decreased by __________ stimulation

A

Increased by parasympathetic and decreased by sympathetic

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12
Q

What is the enteric nervous system also known as

A

GUT BRAIN

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13
Q

Numerous neurons control movement and secretion of the GI tract

A

Enteric Nervous System (GI tract “nervous system”)

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14
Q

How much cardiac output does the GI tract receive

A

25-30%

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15
Q

The GI tract is a network of circulation connected to what 3 things

A

Vena cava
Spleen
Liver

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16
Q

A large amount if blood supply is diverted from the digestive system when?

A

During exercise/stress

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17
Q

What is mixing and propulsion called

A

Peristalsis

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18
Q

What does not have any enzymes or hormones in it

A

Esophagus

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19
Q

What are the 3 secretions of the GI tract

A
  • enzymes and hormones for digestion
  • mucus for protection and lubrication
  • water and electrolytes
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20
Q

Peritonitis is an ___________

A

Emergency

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21
Q

Lines the abdominal cavity wall

A

Parietal

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22
Q

Covers the abdominal organs

A

Visceral

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23
Q

Space between the parietal and visceral layers

A

Peritoneal cavity

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24
Q

What is the peritoneum

A

2 layers that cover the abdominal organs

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25
Q

What blocks the trachea

A

Epiglottis

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26
Q

What is the job of the lower esophageal sphincter? Why does it need to close?

A

Wants food is in the stomach it closes. It has to close so you don’t get stuff from the stomach going back up. You don’t want any reflux of contents to leak back into the esophagus!

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27
Q

If something is wrong with the stomach what vitamin may you end up becoming deficient in?

A

B12

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28
Q 
What gastric secretions and mixed with the food when it is stored in the stomach?
Parietal cells:
Chief cells:
Pyloric gland:
Intrinsic factor:
A

Parietal cells: HCl
Chief cells: pepsinogen
Pyloric gland: gastrin
Intrinsic factor: cobalamin (vit B12)

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29
Q

Once food becomes chyme what is it ready to do

A

Ready to enter the small intestine for further digestion and absorption

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30
Q

Once food is chyme what stimulates the motility and secretions

A

Pepsinogen

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31
Q

Lots of ______ secrete mucus and produce intestinal digestive enzymes

A

Villi

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32
Q

It is more ________ in the small intestines

A

Alkaline—less acidic

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33
Q

Once food arrives to the large intestines what are the 4 parts it has to go through

A

Cecum/appendix
Colon- ascending, transverse, descending
Rectum
Anus

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34
Q

Most important part of large intestinal function

A

Absorption of water and electrolytes

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35
Q

The large intestines secretes lots of _______ for ________ and ________ and stores _________.

A

Lg intestines secretes lots of mucus for lubrication and protection and stores feces

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36
Q

Is the movement in the large intestine fast or slow? What type of peristalsis occurs?

A

Movement is very slow, propulsive peristalsis occurs

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37
Q

What type of action is defecation?

A

Reflex action—> involuntary and voluntary control

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38
Q

What is the last thing kids develop

A

Sphincter control

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39
Q

When the anal sphincter senses pressure, what is defecation facilitated by??

A

Valsalva’s maneuver

40
Q

What can dry mouth lead to

A

Decay of the teeth

41
Q

Where is potassium secreted

A

Colon

42
Q

Prolonged diarrhea can lead to what?

A

Hypokalemic states

43
Q

About ____ to ____% of water in the GI tract that enters each day is absorbed in the small intestines

A

85-90%

44
Q

Order of GI assessment

A

Inspection, Auscultation, percussion, palpation

45
Q

What are some things that occur with chronic GI problems

A

Loss of energy, body is not functioning properly, slow to heal

46
Q

GI pain is visceral pain and it is ______

A

Intense!

47
Q

What is vomit looks like coffee grounds

A

Could be blood in the stomach

48
Q

What happen if there is presence of fecal odor or bike in vomit

A

Could be obstruction

49
Q

What should you do to prevent aspiration when somebody is vomiting

A

Turn person in their side

50
Q

Who is at a threat for aspiration

A

Elderly, lethargic, sedated, unconscious patients

51
Q

Where does the vomiting center in brainstem get impulses from

A

ANS

52
Q

If somebody is vomiting what should you do until diagnosis is confirmed or further orders are written

A

Keep them NPO

53
Q

What orders could you anticipate for a patient who is vomiting

A
  • IV fluids for hydration and replacement of electrolytes

- NG tube for suction( for persistent vomiting or bowel obstruction)

54
Q

What is biggest mistake people make when getting off NPO diet

A

Going to fast with diet

55
Q

What should you do before giving somebody a antiemetic?

A

Determine the cause. Antiemetics can have undesirable effects for those with glaucoma, obstruction of pylorus, bladder neck, prostatic hyperplasia

56
Q

What are preventive measures of constipation

A

High fiber, 3000 ml of fluid, regular elimination habits, exercise

57
Q

What is somebody with anemia not getting enough of

A

Not getting enough intrinsic factor (vitamin B 12)

58
Q

What happens with lactose intolerant

A

Lack of lactase enzyme. Diarrhea, loss of Ca++ and fluids and electrolytes

59
Q

What happens with gluten intolerance

A

Atrophy of villi. Diarrhea of fatty stools (Celiac disease and nontropical spure) loss of vitamins A, D and iron, vitamin K, Ca++

60
Q

Gluten free diet

A

Avoid wheat, barley, oat, rye. Use soybean flours, may have to use Corticosteriods for inflammatory process

61
Q

Diarrhea is not a ______ it’s a _______

A

Not a disease, it is a SYMPTOM

62
Q

Causes of diarrhea

A
  • decreased fluid absorption (maldigestion/malabsorption)
  • increased fluid secretion (infections, drugs, foods, hormones secreted d/t disease)
  • motility disturbances (irritable bowel/diabetes/surgery)
63
Q

How do antibiotics result in diarrhea

A

They kill the good and bad bacteria which causes diarrhea

64
Q

What does diarrhea result in

A

Loss of fluids and electrolytes (K+ and Na+) , vitamins, and minerals —-> dehydration

65
Q

What is the major cause of death in the world

A

Dehydration, lack or absorption of nutrients

66
Q

Intestinal infections can be…?

A

Viral, bacterial, parasitic

67
Q

Hallmark signs of blood in GI tract

A

Presence of blood, abdominal pain, decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit

68
Q

What does bright red rectal bleeding mean

A

It is closer to the exit (lower GI)

69
Q

What does tarry black stool mean

A

Higher up in GI tract. Color is caused by the loss of about 50-75 ml of blood from upper GI tract . Black color is from the iron in the RBC

70
Q

Do you need a order for a Hemoccult test?

A

No!

71
Q

What color will a Hemoccult (Guaiac) test turn if blood is present

A

Blue

72
Q

Barium studies may be _______ or _________

A

Barium swallow or enema

73
Q

What can barium cause

A

Constipation and obstruction. May have chalky stools for several days

74
Q

When can somebody NOT get an MRI

A

When they have a metal plate in the, or they are pregnant

75
Q

What does a CT scan do

A

Visualizes structures, organs, vessels, tumors

76
Q

What is different about a MRI and a CT scan

A

MRI visualizes same as CT scan with more soft tissue detail

77
Q

What is a nuclear imaging scan? When is it used? .

A

Injection of radioactive isotope into IV. It is used for lower GI bleeds, gastric reflux, diverticulum . You should schedule before any barium studies

78
Q

What is a EGD

A

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
Visualize the lining if the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
NPO 8 hrs before

79
Q

What is a colonoscopy

A

Scope inserted into anus to visualize rectum and large intestines

80
Q

When is bowel cleansing prep started for somebody getting a colonoscopy

A

A bowel cleansing prep is started afternoon before test and the pt is started on a clear liquid diet (NO REDS)

81
Q

When is first colonoscopy recommended? After that?

A

Age of 50. Then every 5-10 years after

82
Q

What would you insert for gastric analysis

A

NG tube

83
Q

Reflux of gastric contents into the lower esophagus causes irritation or inflammation

A

GERD

84
Q

GERD medical management

A

Antacids, antisecretory agents (H2R blockers, PPIs), endoscopic procedures, surgery

85
Q

Nursing management of GERD

A
  • know your triggers! (High fat, alcohol, etc)
  • elevate HOB 4-6 inches
  • eat small, frequent meals with fluid between
  • do not lie down within 2-3 hours of eating
86
Q

Most common stomach problem

A

Gastritis

87
Q

Breakdown of normal mucosa causing inflammation

A

Gastritis

88
Q

Microorganisms that can cause gastritis

A

H.pylori
Salmonella
Staph

89
Q

Drugs that can cause gastritis

A

NSAIDS
aspirin
Corticosteroids

90
Q

What should you do with chronic gastritis

A

Focus on evaluating and eliminating the cause
Need to adapt lifestyle
Close medical follow up- May be a precursor to gastric cancer

91
Q

Erosion of GI mucosa by HCI and pepsin

A

Peptic ulcer disease

92
Q

Where may peptic ulcer disease occur

A

Lower esophagus,stomach, or duodenum

93
Q

What is a insult to the body that may cause peptic ulcer disease

A

Burns!

94
Q

What can relaxation techniques do for peptic ulcer disease management

A

Decrease acid secretion

95
Q

How should somebody with peptic ulcer disease eat their meals

A

Regular 6 small meals/day of bland foods; no eating at bedtime

96
Q

Most common complication of peptic ulcer disease

A

Hemorrhage - erosion of ulcer through a major blood vessel usually duodenal

97
Q

Most life threatening complication to peptic ulcer disease

A

Perforation
Usually duodenal, erosion through serosal layer, spillage of contents into peritoneum , sudden pain , ridged board like abdomen

98
Q

Treatment for acute exacerbations or complications of peptic ulcer disease

A 
NPO
NG tube to suction
Bed rest
IV fluid replacement/blood transfusions
Surgery

Nursing Test 3 (10 decks)

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