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GI > GI 10 > Flashcards

GI 10 Flashcards

1
Q

The Main role of the gut is?

A

absorb nutrients thats why it has a large surface area.

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2
Q

To get nurtients from the gut what we need ?

A

Large surface area and a thin barrier

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3
Q

What is GALT (Gut associated lymphoid tissue)?

A

A barrier align with the GI system. This is the barrier in GI called GALT: (Gut Associated Lymphoid tissue). Works as a barrier to protect from all the toxic microbes and absorb nutrients.

To protect out gut from bacteria we need ?

  • Intact GALT barrier
  • Competent immune system
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4
Q

What does M cells does in gastric epithelium in GI ?

A

M cells does not have villi. Their role is to inform the presence of pathogen and signal to produce antibody immune response against bacteria.

M cell also known as ?
FAE Follicle associated epithelium
Main role of M cell is to sample antigen of bacteria and produce immune response (antibody) with peyer’s patch.

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5
Q

How T cell response die if GI barrier is not broken ?

A

When antibody or immune response produced but the GI barrier is intact then the immune response(or T cell response) will disappear by apoptosis.

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6
Q

What will happen if lots of T cell overproduce in the presence of pathogens or broken wall of GI ?

A

When (T cell or immune response) will overproduce to protect GI barrier by killing pathogens, at the same time T Cell overproduce as a result it will also damage our own cells by producing lots of inflammation. More pathogen more T antigen cells more inflammation.

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7
Q

Why inflammation occur in GI because of ?

A

Leaky barrier
Genetics
And environment factors.

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8
Q

What is Coeliac disease?

A

Inflammatory disease. Triggered by gluten, genetic or environment.

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9
Q

The reason of Coeliac disease?

A

because of damaged to villi as a result nutrients can not absorb. As a result malabsorption. As a result diarrhoea and vomiting weight loss depression, joint pain etc.

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10
Q

Epidemiology of Coeliac disease?

A

Coeliac in diet.
Genetic: specially Identical twins
And Environment: exposure to gluten, breast feeding, microbiome etc.

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11
Q

Why gluten is a problem?

A

Gluten contains Gliadins and glutenin’s which are not well digested. These are long peptides exposed to the “gluten peptides” in our body which cause immune responses. Ex: Wheet, barley, Ryn

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12
Q

In identical twins the genes involved for developing coeliac disease is

A

About 70 % and MHC class II genes & HLA.

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13
Q

Mechanism of Gluten oriented Coeliac disease?

A

For some reasons the dietary GLUTEN peptides getting through the barrier than react with TG2 => crosslink and deamidates them=> converted to high risk HLA molecules DQ2 & DQ8=> as a result T cell show immune responses & production of inflammatory molecules more and more T cells result inflammation On the other side=> Activation of B cells produce antibodies.

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14
Q

What test we can do to diagnose coeliac disease in our blood?

A

Deamidated Gluten peptides and

TG2 antibodies

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15
Q

What are the treatment of Coeliac disease?

A

Gluten free diet
TG2 inhibition
Reduce large peptides from gluten.
Prevent immune activation

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16
Q

What Diognosis test we can do to identify Coeliac disease

A

Biopsy

Gluten & TG2 antibody test of blood

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17
Q

What is IBD

A

Group of disease with inflammatory condition.

CD and UC

18
Q

Types of IBD is

A

1 CD

2 UC

19
Q

What is Crohn’s disease

A

Also known as Regional enteritis.

Crohn the guy who described the disease at first.

20
Q

Idiopathic mean ?

A

We do not know the cause of agent which occur precursor for the disease.

21
Q

What bacteria cause Crohn’s disease ?

A

MAP(Mycobacterium Avium subspecies Paratuberculosis)

22
Q

Risk factors of crohn’s disease ?

A

Smoking
Genotype
Environment

23
Q

What is the difference between crohn’s and ulcerative colitis ?

A

C: Distal ileum and colon & part of the small intestine..
C: Discontinuous, patchy transmural inflammation.
U:mainly incolon.
U: Continuous inflammation from rectum to proximal colon

24
Q

Transmural inflammation mean ?

A

All layers of the bowel wall

25
Q

What are the Symptoms of Crohn’s disease?

A

Diarrhoea, abdominal cramping, anaemia, weight loss, fatigue.

26
Q

Complication by crohn’s disease?

A

Stenosis, colon cancer, fistulas etc.

27
Q

Ulcerative colitis Risk factor ?

A

Genotype and environment

28
Q

What is the Protective factor for Ulcerative colitis is ?

A

Smoking

29
Q

Why Smoking can be protective factor for Ulcerative collitis?

A

It has Nicotine, it has multifunctional activity in human body and sometimes Nicotine therapy being used to treat UC. Other things in cigarette also might be an effect.

30
Q

Diagnosis for CD and UC ?

A

No definitive diagnostic test

But can be diagnosed by looking history, presentation, endoscopy

31
Q

Blood tests can be done for CD and UC for ?

A

Inflammation and infection.

32
Q

Pathologist take sample for diagnosis of crohn’s disease dr. usually see?

A

Granuloma and

for Ulcerative colitis=> Crypt abscess.

33
Q

Epidemiology of IBD is ?

A

Industrialisation and westernisation

34
Q

Epidemiology of Crohn’s disease is ?

A

Genetic factors is 37%
For UC is 10%
Environmental factor. i.e smoking, drugs.

35
Q

What Microbiota does in our Gut?

A

Stimulates the immune system

Protects against colonisation by pathogens.

36
Q

What is dysbiosis in IBD ?

A

Altered gut environment. As a result decrease good bacteria and its diversity and increase of bad bacteria as a result changes in bacterial composition and increase of adherence of bad bacteria to our epithelium and damage result inflammation.

37
Q

IBD pathogenesis?

A

Genetic factors
Peptides
Chemokines

Environmental factors
Diet 
Stress
Nsaids
smoking
38
Q

Does IBD lead to cancer? To stop what we need to do ?

A

Yes. So need to treat early
Find early and treat early
It is long term risk

39
Q

What is the target of BIOLOGICS drugs (Anti-inflammatory) =>

A

TNF target

40
Q

What are the Side effects of biologics?

A

Risk of malignancy or serious infection

And expensive.

41
Q

Faecal Microbiota transplant? Who you will get faeces from ?

A

Found in Faeces some do not die as they are anaerobic.
Various delivery
Safe

Who you will get faeces from ?
Family member or someone who live close contact with.
Have to be healthy not IBD conditions.

GI (16 decks)

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