GI 08

Question 1

Critical appraisal mean

Answer 1

You are looking for a research paper and weighing up evidence to see its Strength or weakness by looking at its methods flows and weakness
Ex: If it is medication-related research than you probably apply that medicine to a patient based on that paper evidence.

Question 2

When we see a research paper we use PICOT to Identify :

Answer 2

P-who is the PATIENTS or what is the problem.
I- What is the INTERVENTION or exposure.
C- What is the COMPARISON group.
O- What is the OUTCOME.
T-What is the TIME FRAME or duration.

By this, we can easily find out or identify how the paper is.

Question 3

Observational and Experimental study

Answer 3

O: Identify participants and then watching them over time. And looking for particular association.

E: Researcher experimenting by intervening in some way. So changing something about one group and not about another group.

Question 4

All our research studies are 2 types

Answer 4

Descriptive (survay) & Analytic

Question 5

Analytical study 2 types

Answer 5

Experimental & Observational

Question 6

Experimental study

Answer 6

Lets devide the whole class in half and give half the class 5 coffees a day and other half no coffees a day and try to find out outcome of study.

Question 7

Observational study

Answer 7

If we study on whole class room and we asked for their whole 1st year to final year of coffee drinking habits and look out of their results.It might come up some association that one group with high drinker did good on their grades.And didnt intervene in anyway just observing.

Question 8

Types of Observational study

Answer 8

Cohort
Case control
Cross sectional

Question 9

Cohort study

Answer 9

Data obtained from groups who exposed and not exposed.

No intervention done by the researcher. This study is good to identify risk factors on an outcome.

Question 10

Advantage and disadvantage of Cohort study

Answer 10

A

• Ethically safe as the researcher is not intervening.
• Can match people up
• Can look different durations of time.

D:

• The problem is sometimes it is difficult to link the exposure with the outcomes. For Example Women with manopause experiencing GI reflux that might be some other hidden cause.
• For rare diseases it is difficult.
• Long follow-up necessary for large sample size.

Question 11

Case control study

Answer 11

They have a bit control over case control study.

Usually with some matching i.e age that subject exposed to the factor.

Question 12

Case control study Pros and cons

Answer 12

A
-Quick and cheap
-Ethecally safe
-Good with rare disease
D
-Relience on recall
-Selection of control group difficult.
-Potential bias

Question 13

Cross sectional study

Answer 13

Examine a relationship between disease & other variables of interest at ONE time.
Ex: Hired everyone in a hospital for a week and they tried to identify the H.pylori.Possible causes obesity which is a variables and they will try to draw a association between H.pylori and obesity.

Question 14

Pros and Cons of Cross-sectional study

Answer 14

A: 
-Chep and Ethically safe.
D:
-Unequal group sizes.
-Reliance on bias

Question 15

Random and systemic error

Answer 15

Random/Noise error: That a chance that something different or wrong on a given day.Ex: If I measure the blood pressure of you every time before coming to this class for every day for the last 15 days and I will receive some variations because you may be some times ran to the class or maybe didn’t run some times. So I will get a little bit high and low blood pressure every in 15 days.

Systemic error: I would expect all student’s blood pressure in a normal range. or a bit high or low but if I get high readings each time for all students, then I might think It is a systematic error.

Question 16

Random/Noice error can be minimized. how?

Answer 16

Random/Noice error can be minimized by enlarging the study size. On the other hand, Systemic error can’t. Because the fault is in your system.

Question 17

Bias

Answer 17

Error (Every study has bias)
Bias can occour in many places of a study like:
Sample,methodology

Question 18

Bias affects

Answer 18

-Reduces the accuracy (validity)

-Underestimate a true
effect/association.

Question 19

Sampling/Selection bias

Answer 19

• Selection of Control group bias
• Loss to follow up (may be it is hard to stay at their home)
• Self selection bias (may be someone not interested of your area of interest)
• Healthy worker effect

Question 20

Information bias

Answer 20

Something wrong with the information. Ex: If i ask someone what you eated last night than might be ok but if i ask about the last month then the information would be not acurate.

Question 21

Information bias misclassifications

Answer 21

Difficulty remembering exposer
Recording and Coding errors
Surrogate measures of exposure
Non specific defination exposure

Question 22

Conformation bias

Answer 22

Researcher fault. because the tendency to search for, interpret, favor or recall information in a way which confirms ones preexisting belief or hypothesis.

Question 23

You are trying to determine if peptic ulcers are associated with high fat diet.You are worried about information bias How could you reduce this ?

Answer 23

• Gathering information about many different aspects peoples diatery habits or
• Ans-Collecting data about people diatery intake at the onset of a study before people have experienced symptoms of disease.because that you can change things or
• Collecting data from all possible confounders or
• Making sure that the study sample is representative of the population.

Question 24

Confounding factor

Answer 24

Examples: High sugar diet can cause kidney disease.
Confounding factor: But many other factor can cause may be toxic medicine or may be high fat containing food etc.

Ex: People who carry lighter or matchers more likely have a lung cancer. Confounding factor is SMOKINH

Question 25

Measure of association

Answer 25

Strength of association between two variable.i.e exposure and disease.
Relative risk and Odd ratio.

RR:OR = 1 No association with disease.
Over 1 Positive
Lower 1 Negitive