GI 01 & 02 Flashcards
why Many microbes can not survive into our stomach? but only which bacteria can survive?
Highly acidic environment and lots of proteolytic enzyme except H.pylori.
In childhood the world population infacted by H.pylori is around ?
50% or half of the World child.
In NZ What is the proportion of Maori community infacted by H.pylori?
35%
How H.pylori survive in our stomach?
Bacteria hang around to the stomach lining where stomach mucus cells produce mucous to buffer the gastric liquid to protect the stomach from burning as a result near the stomach lining the ph is 7 and bacteria can survive easily.
Which way The H.Pylori transmission occur?
Contaminated food and Water with faeces
What is the name of the enzyme H.pylori secret for survival and why?
Urease enzyme. This breaks down Urea and we get Bicarbonate and Amoniam which further buffer the acidic stomach environment for survival of H.pylori.
H.pylori also well protected against our Immunity system by sitting near the lining.
What kind of bacteria is H.pylori?
Gram-negative, Non-invasive (Not spreading harmfully) & spiral.
What is the meaning of Gastritis?
Inflammation of mucosa
What are the tests available to Diagnose H. pylori in NZ?
Stool antigen (Test Recommended)
Breath test is gold standard but (Not funded)
What are the complications of H. pylori?
dyspepsia
ulcer
Cancer
What proportion of people develop Peptic ulcer from dyspepsia?
10-20 %
For peptic ulcer what proportions are Gastric ulcer and what proportion are Duodenum ulcer ?
Gastric Ulcer is 80 percent
Duodenum ulcer is 90 percent.
What is the Mechanism of H.pylori attack into our stomach?
H.pylori produce EXOTOXIN which damage cells into our gut wall as a result cells cant make mucus anymore and mucus layer become thinner and stomach acid comes in contact with the stomach lining which exerbates the further damage to our stomach which leads to ulcer.
What are the Symptoms of ulcer caused by H.pylori?
Dull pain usually when stomach is empty
Wight loss, nausea, vomiting, burping.
What are the Red flags sign for referral for H.pylori Ulcer?
Sharp and sudden pain
Persistent pain
Bloody or black stool
Why black stool or bloody stool we may see?
Because maybe the Ulcer occurs already into the gut which damages our stomach cells and blood vassals, as a result, we may experience some blood coming through our black or bloody stool.
what is the main goal of treating H.pylori ulcer?
Reducing stomach acid
Eleminating H.pylori bacteria.
What is the proportion of stomach cancer caused by H.pylori ?
70-90 %
what is the mechanism of H.pylori cancer CAUSED in our stomach?
H.pylori toiri kory N-Nitroso compounds jeta “Reactive oxygen species” compound toiri baray day as a result DNA damage. And there are some antigen (cagA) genes which activates the oncoproteins (SHP2) .
How can we prevent H.pylori?
do not have a vaccine at present in NZ.
So follow Good food handling standard
What are the name of Toxic producing food poisoning bacteria ?
Staphylococcus
Clostridia
Vibrio
Food poisoning is not an “infection” So what is it ?
It is an in-toxification.
Why food poisoning occour ?
Because we eat contaminated food sometimes. So may be bacteria is sitting there for long time and they multiply there and they secret toxins on the food. And when we eat that food we eat all the toxins as a result the toxins poison us. So here bacteria does not establish themselves into human body they just pass through and toxin makes the poisoning.
What are the Symptoms of food poisoning ?
Sudden and rapid onset
Violent diarrhoea, vomiting, cramps, fever.
What is the treatment options available for food poisoning
Fluid replacement
To prevent food poisoning follow high food handling standard.
What is Staphylococcus Aureus?
Gram-Positive. cause food poisoning
cause Toxic Shock Syndrome-Fever
Which bacteria is main responsible for leading to toxic shock syndrome?
Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria
How the Transmission of food poisoning happen by staphylococcus aureus?
Contaminated food, milk.
What is the main Treatment options for food poisoning by Staphylococcus Aureus
Dehydration
Follow high food handling standard.
Clostridium Perfringens & C botulinum what are they and which one is fetal
Gram Positive,
C.p. is common but C.b is rare and fatal.
If a can of food is bulging what you need to think?
clostridium bacteria grown there.
What can cause C botulinum?
Cause muscle contraction. It has very potent neurotoxins 10000 times potent than cyanide.
What is Vibrio parahaemolyticus & V.vulnificus ?
Gram negative marine bacteria
Cause food poisoning
Where we can found Vibrio parahaemolyticus & V.vulnificus in NZ?
oysters and mussels in NZ
IMP NZ they confirm that only 3.4% identified carry virulence gene.
Does GI infactions occour instanly like food poisoning ?
No.They takes time and longer disease progression.
What is Compylobacter jejuni
and how it transmitted?
Gram negative bacteria
Transmission by food and water from animal faeces.
Self limiting withing 7-10 days
when and which bacteria caused havelock north outbreak ?
In 2016
by Compylobacter jejuni
What is Yersiniosis ? how they Transmit?
Gram negative
Transmission via farm animal and person to person.
Treatment Mild disease, self limiting. Need rehydration.
What is Listeriosis
Gram positive and grows in low temperature
Which bacteria can affect pregnant women and go through the blood into newborns.
Listeriosis bacteria
How Shigella Dysentery or shigellosis transmitted?
Transmission person to person food and water & Highly infectious
Treatment: Mild self limiting withing 10 days to 2 weeks.
What are the symptoms of Shigella Dysentery or shigellosis?
Symptoms: bloody diarrhoea and dysentery (not much stool just liquid)
What is Salmonella
Gram negative
Transmission: con food and water
What cause typhoid fever?
S.enteritidis
S.typhi (Vaccine available)
What is the treatment available for typhoid fever?
Fluoroquinolones for typhoid fever.
When and how many cases was notified in NZ for salmonellosis ?
In 2019
1188 cases.
Who was the first person who exposes to typhoid fever and where?
Mallon in the USA
What is E.coli ?
Poo bacteria. Gram negative
Transmission by water and food
What are the types of E.coli?
Types of E.coli 5 types ETEC EPEC EHEC EIEC EAEC
ETEC is responsible for
(Travelers diarrhoea) self limiting
EPEC is responsible for
(Infant diarrhoea) self limiting
Which bacteria can cause HUS (Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome) kidney damange ?
EHEC
E.Coli 0157:H7 toxin producing which causes what ?
bloody diarrhoea
That is the reason why its called enterohaemorrhagic e.coli.
Outbreak in USA in 2019 in 27 states spread by ?through?
EHEC and throughn romaine lettuces salad,Milk and raw meat.
What EIEC can cause
Cause dysentery and GI ulceration
Which bacteria can make biofilm and attach to mucosa?
EAEC
VTEC/STEC also know as ?
EHEC
Resistant almost every penicillins and cephalosporins outbrek in 2011 by globalisation of food supply by
(EHEC& HUS) HUSEC 041:H4 is highly resistant almost every
Antibiotic associated diarrhoeal disease
Most common adverse event for antibiotics
Damage GI microflora good and bad both
Good microflora is important which inhibit stablishing pathogenic bacteria.
Loss of metabolic function of microflora.
Why anitibiotic associated diarrhoeal disease occour ?
One bacteria called C.difficile which is a toxin producing bacteria can not stablish due to GI good microflora. but as we use antibiotics our normal microflora also die at the same time C.difficile also aggrevate as a result diarrhoea occur.
Do we need Probiotics for diarrhea
There is some evidence of the efficacy of having probiotics for the antibiotic-associated diarrhoeal disease.
But they have some adverse effects as well of using probiotics so better not to take probiotics as the normal microflora will establish themselves on time anyway.
