geography lab review

Question 1

Title:

Answer 1

Describes what the map represents.

Question 2

Legend:

Answer 2

Explains the symbols used on the map.

Question 3

Scale:

Answer 3

Indicates the relationship between distances on the map and the real world.

Question 4

Mercator Projection:

Answer 4

Distorts area, especially near the poles.Preserves angles and shapes for navigation.

Question 5

Peters Projection:

Answer 5

Equal-area projection; preserves relative sizes of landmasses.
Distorts shapes.

Question 6

Robinson Projection:

Answer 6

Balances distortions in area, shape, distance, and direction.

Question 7

Latitude:

Answer 7

Horizontal lines measuring distance north or south of the Equator (0° to 90°).

Question 8

Longitude:

Answer 8

Vertical lines measuring distance east or west of the Prime Meridian (0° to 180°).

Question 9

Passive sensors

Answer 9

depend on sunlight or thermal energy from the surface.

Question 10

Active sensors

Answer 10

have their energy source, allowing data collection day or night.

Question 11

Satellite Imagery Interpretation

Answer 11

Different surfaces reflect light in unique ways, like a fingerprint. Urban areas reflect a lot of light in both visible and infrared ranges, making them easy to identify.

Question 12

GIS Layers:

Answer 12

Each layer represents a type of data (e.g., physical, social, environmental).

Question 13

Understanding Solar Declination

Answer 13

The solar declination influences the intensity and duration of sunlight received at different latitudes, driving seasonal variations.

Question 14

Solar Angle

Answer 14

The solar angle determines the intensity of sunlight at a location. Higher angles correspond to more direct sunlight, increasing energy absorption.

Question 15

Solar Altitude:

Answer 15

The angle of the Sun above the horizon at a specific time and location.

Question 16

Insolation (Incoming Solar Radiation):

Answer 16

The amount of solar energy received per unit area, which depends on the angle of incidence and atmospheric conditions.

Question 16

Seasonal Changes:

Answer 16

Caused by Earth’s axial tilt and orbit around the Sun, resulting in varying day lengths and solar angles.

Question 17

Energy Budget:

Answer 17

Balance between incoming solar radiation (shortwave) and outgoing terrestrial radiation (longwave).

Question 18

Cloud Formation:

Answer 18

Clouds form when air cools to its dew point, and water vapor condenses onto aerosols.
Factors influencing cloud formation include temperature, humidity, and atmospheric lifting.

Question 19

Air Masses:

Answer 19

Large bodies of air with uniform temperature and moisture characteristics.

Question 20

Atmospheric Lifting Mechanisms:

Answer 20

Convergent Lifting: Air flows toward a central point and rises.
Convectional Lifting: Warm air rises due to heating from the surface.
Orographic Lifting: Air is forced upward by mountains.
Frontal Lifting: Warm air rises over cold air along a front.

Question 21

Precipitation Processes:

Answer 21

Collision-Coalescence: Droplets collide and merge to form larger raindrops.
Bergeron Process: Ice crystals grow in cold clouds at the expense of supercooled droplets.

Question 22

Absolute Humidity:

Answer 22

The actual amount of water vapor in the air, measured in grams per cubic meter.

Question 23

Relative Humidity (RH):

Answer 23

The ratio of the actual water vapor in the air to the maximum amount it can hold at a given temperature, expressed as a percentage

Question 24

Dew Point:

Answer 24

The temperature at which air becomes saturated, and condensation begins.

Question 25

Atmospheric Stability:

Answer 25

Determines whether air will rise or sink.

Question 26

Stable Atmosphere:

Answer 26

Air returns to its original position after being displaced.

Question 27

Unstable Atmosphere:

Answer 27

Air continues to rise after being displaced.

Question 28

Neutral Atmosphere:

Answer 28

Air remains where it is displaced.

Question 29

Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR):

Answer 29

The rate at which temperature decreases with altitude in the surrounding air.

Question 30

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR):

Answer 30

The rate at which unsaturated air cools as it rises (
1
0
∘
C/km
10
∘
C/km).

Question 31

Moist Adiabatic Lapse Rate (MALR):

Answer 31

The rate at which saturated air cools as it rises (varies, typically
6
∘
C/km
6
∘
C/km).

Question 32

Adiabatic Processes

Answer 32

When air expands and cools or compresses and warms without exchanging heat with its surroundings.

Question 33

Fluvial Processes: Erosion:

Answer 33

The removal of material from the riverbed and surrounding landscape

Question 34

Fluvial Processes: Hydraulic action:

Answer 34

Water forces air into cracks, breaking apart rocks.

Question 35

Fluvial Processes: Abrasion:

Answer 35

Abrasion: Eroding material (like sand) wears down riverbed surfaces.

Question 36

Fluvial Processes: Attrition:

Answer 36

Attrition: The process of rocks and particles colliding and breaking down into smaller pieces.

Question 37

Transportation:

Answer 37

The movement of eroded material along the river, including:
Bed load: Larger particles (rocks, gravel) that roll or slide along the riverbed.
Suspended load: Finer particles (sand, silt) carried by the water.
Dissolved load: Ions and dissolved substances in the water, like minerals and salts.

Question 38

Deposition:

Answer 38

The process where transported materials are dropped when the water’s velocity decreases.

Question 39

Stream Discharge:

Streamflow:

Answer 39

The volume of water flowing through a river or stream, usually measured in cubic meters per second (m³/s).

Question 40

Types of Fluvial Landforms:

Valleys:

Answer 40

V-shaped valleys are formed by erosion, whereas U-shaped valleys are shaped by glacial activity.

Question 41

Types of Fluvial Landforms: Floodplains:

Answer 41

Floodplains: Areas adjacent to a river, frequently flooded, formed by the deposition of sediments during flooding events.

Question 42

Types of Fluvial Landforms: Deltas:

Answer 42

Formed where a river meets a standing body of water, such as a lake or ocean, and deposits sediment carried from upstream.

Question 43

Types of Fluvial Landforms: Meanders:

Answer 43

Meanders: Curves in a river that form over time as the river erodes its banks.

Question 44

Types of Fluvial Landforms: Oxbow Lakes:

Answer 44

Oxbow Lakes: Formed when a meander is cut off from the main river flow, leaving behind a crescent-shaped lake.

Question 45

Waves:

Answer 45

Waves are caused by wind blowing across the surface of the water. The energy of the wave affects the coastline, causing erosion, transportation, and deposition.

Question 46

Wave erosion:

Answer 46

Waves attack the coastline, eroding cliffs and rocks.

Question 47

Wave refraction:

Answer 47

Waves bend as they approach the shore, focusing energy on headlands and reducing energy in bays.

Question 48

Longshore drift:

Answer 48

The movement of sand along the shore, caused by waves hitting the beach at an angle, transports sediment parallel to the coast.

Question 49

Tides:

Answer 49

The rise and fall of sea levels caused by the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun. Tides affect the distribution of sediment and the formation of coastal features.

Question 50

Currents:

Answer 50

Ocean currents are large-scale flows of water that move through the world’s oceans. Coastal currents can influence the movement of sand and other sediments.

Question 51

Longshore current:

Answer 51

A current that moves parallel to the shore, caused by waves hitting the coastline at an angle.

Question 52

Rip currents:

Answer 52

Narrow, fast-moving currents that flow from the shore to deeper water.