geography Flashcards
Whats the definition of economic activity
An economic activity is the producing, purchase or selling of goods and services
Whats the definition of economic activity
An economic activity is the producing, purchase or selling of goods and services
What are the 4 economic sectors, and what do they invlove
primary - the sourcing/extraction of raw materials (e.g farming, forestry, fishing)
secondary - processing these raw materials to produce a product (e.g car/furniture manufacturer)
tertiary - providing a service (e.g teacher, train driver)
quaternary - research and development (e.g scientist)
Explain what the clark-fischer model shows
how country’s economic activity changes (their GDP) as they move through three phases: pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial
What does the clark fischer model predict in countries
-In the pre-industrial period, the primary sector dominates with steady increases in the secondary and tertiary sectors
—>due to the lack of mechanism so humans needed to the work
-As countries develop the reliance on the primary sector for GDP and employment rapidly decreases
During the industrial period the amount of GDP and employment in the secondary sector increases to become dominant as there are a lack of primary sector workers’ jobs
—>these then decrease as well and the tertiary increase
-In the post-industrial phase, the tertiary and quaternary sectors increase whilst the secondary and primary sectors decrease
—>The tertiary sector dominates employment and GDP in the post-industrial period clark-fisher-model
Give 3 reaons for why sector distribution might happen overtime
-Increasing mechanisation in agriculture led to a decrease in the jobs available
-People moved to urban areas to find jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors
-More global importation will lead to decrease in primary and secondary employment
-Technological improvements have led to an increase in tertiary and quaternary employment
What might influence the location of a primary sector activity (aim for 4 detailed reasons)
Climate - precipitation, sunshine hours and temperature all affect the type of crops grown or livestock
Land - the amount of land available (ability to expand if needed), cost, soil type and resources (coal, gold)
Market - some crops need to be very close to the market - such as soft fruits (strawberries)
Government Policies - whether subsidies are available (to make sure producers get fair prices)
Labour - in developed countries, there are few workers needed due to mechanisation
Transport - access to roads to transport crops, animals, quarried/mined materials, timber
What might influence the location of a secondary sector activity (aim for 4 detailed reasons)
Land - large areas of land often required, so the cost and amount of the land is important
Market - access to the market is important to be able to sell the goods made
Government policies - tax incentives, grants, and loans may be available if the economic activity is located in a particular area
Energy - a power source is needed, this used to be coal or water but is now electricity which can be accessed in many areas
Transport - access to roads is essential to bring in raw materials and send out the products
What might influence the location of a tertiary sector activity (aim for 4 detailed reasons)
Land - the amount of land depends on the type of economic activity, large retail parks need lots of land
Market - needs to be close to the customers
Energy - a power source is needed - electricity which can be accessed in many areas
Labour - workers needed both skilled and unskilled
Transport - needs to be accessible for customers, workers and in the case of retail to bring in the products
What might influence the location of a quaternary sector activity (aim for 4 detailed reasons)
-Proximity to skilled workers and universities
-Pleasant working environment
-Science parks need large areas of land usually near a university on the rural-urban fringe
-Needs to be accessible to all workers
Give some reasons for why location of sector may change
Primary:
-climate change may mean certain crops might not be able to be grown
-raw material may become unvaible (more cost to grow then sell for)
Secondary:
-
Give a brief description of the informal economy, and why it would appeal to people
Informal economy is unregulated and unofficial jobs (mostly in the tertiary sector)
can include shoe shining, rubbish collecting, selling products in the street
-people not wanting to pay tax
-lack of qualifications or education
-high levels of rural-urban migration (more people then jobs available)
What were the positives and negatives of the shifting in employment sectors
Positives:
-deindustrialisation led to improvments in environment
-developed expertise in secondary and tertiary economic activities, which are demanded globally
-London is the second most importsnt financial centre in the world
Negatives:
-Deindustrialisation led to a loss off jobs (particularly in the north)
—>this led to large areas of deprivation
-increasing numbers of trans-national coorporations moved factories and offices to emerging countries
What are the impacts of the informal economy
-don’t have any healthcare benefits
-no contract or guaranteed pay
Give a case study for a city with lots of informal economy and why this is so
Mumbai
-lack of space
-overpopulation
