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Tristan Neville > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

what are gametes

A

sex cells

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2
Q

give an example of gametes in plants and animals

A

Human: egg cell and sperm cell
Plant: pollen grain and ovum

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3
Q

gametes have a _______ neucleus
gametes contain ____% of the needed genetic information

A

a) haploid
b) 50%

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4
Q

cells undergo a cell division called _______ to produce haploid gametes

A

Meaosis

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5
Q

what are the two main hormones that stimulates sexual development in females and males

A

Male: testosterone
Female: oestrogen

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6
Q

describe the route a sperm cell takes

A

-The sperm cell goes from the testes
-Up the sperm duct
-Into the prostate gland
- This is where it’s given nutrients and enzymes to live in the vagina (this is where it turns to semen)
-And exited the penis via the urethra

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7
Q

describe the route a sperm cell takes

A

-The sperm cell goes from the testes
-Up the sperm duct
-Into the prostate gland
- This is where it’s given nutrients and enzymes to live in the vagina (this is where it turns to semen)
-And exited the penis via the urethra

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8
Q

Gives 4 adaptations to the sperm cell and how there spezialised

A

Acrosome - has enzymes to break down teh cell membrane of the egg cell and some of the jelly
Midpeide - has lots of mitochondria and ATP so the cell has lots of energy
Neucleus - haploid so stores half the amount of chromosomes
Flagelum - streamlined tail to speed up movement

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9
Q

Gives 4 adaptations to the sperm cell and how there spezialised

A

Acrosome - has enzymes to break down teh cell membrane of the egg cell and some of the jelly
Midpeide - has lots of mitochondria and ATP so the cell has lots of energy
Neucleus - haploid so stores half the amount of chromosomes
Flagelum - streamlined tail to speed up movement

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10
Q

Give 3 adaptation of an egg cell

A

-Membrane to control what goes in and out f the cell
-Protective jelly
-Haploid neucleus

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11
Q

A ball of cells in which the egg cell matures

A

Follicle

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12
Q

The shredding of egg from ovary (and what day of cycle does this occur)
What hormone is active at this point?

A

Ovulation - day 14
LH (it promotes pogesterone production)

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13
Q

Bleeding that occurs when the lining of uterus is shed. Concequence of falling levels of __________

A

a)Menstruation
Pb)rogesterone

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14
Q

Hormone thats released from the brain (pertuitary gland), that promotes egg ________ in the follicle. It also promotes the release of ___________

(what days does this occur)

A

FSH
b) maturation
c) oestrogen
roughly days 6-13

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15
Q

Hormone responsible for the maintanence of the uterus lining, and forms the c_____ lu_______
at what point is this happening

A

Progesterone
corpus luteum
15-28

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16
Q

which nutrients does the mother deliver to the baby through the placenta

A

amino acids, glucose and oxygen

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17
Q

What waste products does the placenta remove from the babys blood

A

CO2 and urea

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18
Q

The placenta acts as a barrier that protects the baby by filtering out what substances

A

harmful chemicals and pathogens (like alcohol, drugs and viruses) however they can still pass through

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19
Q

The placenta acts as a barrier that protects the baby by filtering out what substances

A

harmful chemicals and pathogens (like alcohol, drugs and viruses) however they can still pass through

20
Q

What does the placenta attach to, and where in the mothers body

A

the umbilical cord
the inner wall of the uterus

21
Q

Where is the mother’s maternal blood deposited, and how are the substances exchanged between the two

A

Intervilius space
diffusion across the placenta

22
Q

Where is the mother’s maternal blood deposited, and how are the substances exchanged between the two

A

Intervilius space
diffusion across the placenta

23
Q

how are the vili in the placenta adapted for diffusion, and what do they diffuse?

A

large surface area
one cell thick
to allow diffusio of gases, nutrients and waste

24
Q

oxygentated blood travels to the foetus via the ___________

A

umbilical vein

25
Deoxygenated blood travels back to the placenta from the foatus via the ____________
umbilical artery
26
How does the placenta help protect the baby from infections after birth
transfers antibodies from mother’s immuune system
27
3 stages of birth
diallation of cervix deliverung of baby delivery of afterbirth (see book for more details)
28
What are the 8 life processes, and give a brief desription for all of them
MRS GRENC
29
a) Why is nutrition needed? b) How do plants make their own food, and what is this called (show this in a word equation) c) How do humans process food, and what is this called
a) Organisms must obtain food to provide energy to carry out the processes needed to stay alive b) Plants use CO2 and water to produce O2 and glucose —>called photosynthesis —>this is called being autotrophic c) Animals consumer other living organisms to obtain the energy they require —>they break down lerger, more complex molecules into simpler ones through digestion —>this is called being hetrotrophic
30
What is the equation for aerobic respiration
aerobic respiration glucose+oxygen —> carbon dioxide+water the energy is transferred through ATP
31
Desribe excretion in humans, and give some examples of waste products
-chemical reactions that take place in living cells are described as metabolic —>these produce waste products some of which can be toxic and need to be removed -this is the process of excretion —>co2 from respiration —>water from respiration and other chemical reactions —>urea which contiains nitrogen from the breakdown of proteins
32
Describe excretion in plants, and how it differs from night to day
Oxygen from photosynthesis CO2 from respiration Water from repiration and other chemical reactions Night: CO2 excreted due to rate of respiration exceeds rate of photosynthesis Day:oxygen is excreted due to rate of photosynthesis exceeding rate of respiration Water vapour is always excreeted through transpiration
33
What is homeostasis?
The control/regulation of internal conditions in a cell/organsism within a narrow range
34
What is excretion?
The removal of toxic waste products in living organsisms that are produced via matebolism
35
Name 3-5 things homeostasis controls in the body
-CO2 levels in blood -core temoerature -water concentration in blood -glucose concentration in blood -pH of cells
36
Draw a labelled diagram of the nephron, and the processes that happen in it
go to mind map or book
37
What is ultrafiltration?
the process by which larger molecules are separated from the smaller ones by high pressure to push the smaller ones into the bowman’s capsule
38
What is osmoregulation
keeping water and salt content of the internal environment constant
39
What are the contents of urine?
-water -urea (toxic, nitrogenous waste product formed when excess amino acids are broken down in the liver into carbohydrates ((these can be stored unlike amino acids)) -salts
40
What is negative feedback?
Negative feedback is the action taken by the body to return something to a normal / optimum level following a deviation from that level. —>It is how the body keeps conditions within it constant at the optimum level
41
Explain how the body reacts to water concentration increasing in the blood
-the change in blood concentration is detected by hypothalamus (in the brain) —>in this case if the water potential has increased (more water then there should be) -the pirtuitary gland releases more ADH —>this makes the collecting duct of nephron in kidneys less permeable to water (so more water can get into the urine) -concentration of blood returns to normal -negative feedback loop switches off and ADH production is no longer inhibited
42
What is the difference between nervous and endocrine system?
-the nervous system uses electrical impulses to send messages through neurons -endocrine glands use hormones to send messages to the target cells through the bloodstream
43
Name 5 things that happen when the body gets too hot? (why might getting too hot be a problem)
too hot for the enzymes so they denature 1. Vascoconstriction -dialate arteriale (widen) so capillaries close to the skin which allows heat to be lost 2. Sweating -when sweat is evapourated, energy goes with it 3. Muscles (hair) -Hair erectus muscles relax/go down to stop the layer of insulation -The relaxtion also stops heat from being produced -Released stored heat in hair 4. Metabolic rate -slow down metabolism, so not as much heat is generated
44
What is the core body temp. and how much can it chnage either way
37 degrees 2 degrees either way so ezymes are at their optimum temp.
45
What are the following: a) stimulus b) receptor c) coordinator d) effector e) responce
a) a change in environment b) the part of an organism tat detects a simulus by transduction (changing it’s energy into electrical energy for nerve impulses) c) central nervous system - spinal cord or brain d) contracting muscles or hormones secreting gland that carries out response e) a reaction to the chnage in environment
46
4 factors affecting rate of diffusion
1. The concentration gradient 2. The surface area to volume ratio 3. The diffusioin distance 4. The temperature

Tristan Neville (14 decks)

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