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Tristan Neville > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

what are gametes

A

sex cells

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2
Q

give an example of gametes in plants and animals

A

Human: egg cell and sperm cell
Plant: pollen grain and ovum

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3
Q

gametes have a _______ neucleus
gametes contain ____% of the needed genetic information

A

a) haploid
b) 50%

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4
Q

cells undergo a cell division called _______ to produce haploid gametes

A

Meaosis

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5
Q

what are the two main hormones that stimulates sexual development in females and males

A

Male: testosterone
Female: oestrogen

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6
Q

describe the route a sperm cell takes

A

-The sperm cell goes from the testes
-Up the sperm duct
-Into the prostate gland
- This is where it’s given nutrients and enzymes to live in the vagina (this is where it turns to semen)
-And exited the penis via the urethra

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7
Q

describe the route a sperm cell takes

A

-The sperm cell goes from the testes
-Up the sperm duct
-Into the prostate gland
- This is where it’s given nutrients and enzymes to live in the vagina (this is where it turns to semen)
-And exited the penis via the urethra

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8
Q

Gives 4 adaptations to the sperm cell and how there spezialised

A

Acrosome - has enzymes to break down teh cell membrane of the egg cell and some of the jelly
Midpeide - has lots of mitochondria and ATP so the cell has lots of energy
Neucleus - haploid so stores half the amount of chromosomes
Flagelum - streamlined tail to speed up movement

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9
Q

Gives 4 adaptations to the sperm cell and how there spezialised

A

Acrosome - has enzymes to break down teh cell membrane of the egg cell and some of the jelly
Midpeide - has lots of mitochondria and ATP so the cell has lots of energy
Neucleus - haploid so stores half the amount of chromosomes
Flagelum - streamlined tail to speed up movement

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10
Q

Give 3 adaptation of an egg cell

A

-Membrane to control what goes in and out f the cell
-Protective jelly
-Haploid neucleus

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11
Q

A ball of cells in which the egg cell matures

A

Follicle

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12
Q

The shredding of egg from ovary (and what day of cycle does this occur)
What hormone is active at this point?

A

Ovulation - day 14
LH (it promotes pogesterone production)

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13
Q

Bleeding that occurs when the lining of uterus is shed. Concequence of falling levels of __________

A

a)Menstruation
Pb)rogesterone

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14
Q

Hormone thats released from the brain (pertuitary gland), that promotes egg ________ in the follicle. It also promotes the release of ___________

(what days does this occur)

A

FSH
b) maturation
c) oestrogen
roughly days 6-13

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15
Q

Hormone responsible for the maintanence of the uterus lining, and forms the c_____ lu_______
at what point is this happening

A

Progesterone
corpus luteum
15-28

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16
Q

which nutrients does the mother deliver to the baby through the placenta

A

amino acids, glucose and oxygen

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17
Q

What waste products does the placenta remove from the babys blood

A

CO2 and urea

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18
Q

The placenta acts as a barrier that protects the baby by filtering out what substances

A

harmful chemicals and pathogens (like alcohol, drugs and viruses) however they can still pass through

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19
Q

The placenta acts as a barrier that protects the baby by filtering out what substances

A

harmful chemicals and pathogens (like alcohol, drugs and viruses) however they can still pass through

20
Q

What does the placenta attach to, and where in the mothers body

A

the umbilical cord
the inner wall of the uterus

21
Q

Where is the mother’s maternal blood deposited, and how are the substances exchanged between the two

A

Intervilius space
diffusion across the placenta

22
Q

Where is the mother’s maternal blood deposited, and how are the substances exchanged between the two

A

Intervilius space
diffusion across the placenta

23
Q

how are the vili in the placenta adapted for diffusion, and what do they diffuse?

A

large surface area
one cell thick
to allow diffusio of gases, nutrients and waste

24
Q

oxygentated blood travels to the foetus via the ___________

A

umbilical vein

25
Q

Deoxygenated blood travels back to the placenta from the foatus via the ____________

A

umbilical artery

26
Q

How does the placenta help protect the baby from infections after birth

A

transfers antibodies from mother’s immuune system

27
Q

3 stages of birth

A

diallation of cervix
deliverung of baby
delivery of afterbirth
(see book for more details)

28
Q

What are the 8 life processes, and give a brief desription for all of them

A

MRS GRENC

29
Q

a) Why is nutrition needed?
b) How do plants make their own food, and what is this called (show this in a word equation)
c) How do humans process food, and what is this called

A

a) Organisms must obtain food to provide energy to carry out the processes needed to stay alive
b) Plants use CO2 and water to produce O2 and glucose
—>called photosynthesis
—>this is called being autotrophic
c) Animals consumer other living organisms to obtain the energy they require
—>they break down lerger, more complex molecules into simpler ones through digestion
—>this is called being hetrotrophic

30
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration

A

aerobic
respiration
glucose+oxygen —> carbon dioxide+water

the energy is transferred through ATP

31
Q

Desribe excretion in humans, and give some examples of waste products

A

-chemical reactions that take place in living cells are described as metabolic
—>these produce waste products some of which can be toxic and need to be removed
-this is the process of excretion

—>co2 from respiration
—>water from respiration and other chemical reactions
—>urea which contiains nitrogen from the breakdown of proteins

32
Q

Describe excretion in plants, and how it differs from night to day

A

Oxygen from photosynthesis
CO2 from respiration
Water from repiration and other chemical reactions

Night: CO2 excreted due to rate of respiration exceeds rate of photosynthesis

Day:oxygen is excreted due to rate of photosynthesis exceeding rate of respiration

Water vapour is always excreeted through transpiration

33
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The control/regulation of internal conditions in a cell/organsism within a narrow range

34
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of toxic waste products in living organsisms that are produced via matebolism

35
Q

Name 3-5 things homeostasis controls in the body

A

-CO2 levels in blood
-core temoerature
-water concentration in blood
-glucose concentration in blood
-pH of cells

36
Q

Draw a labelled diagram of the nephron, and the processes that happen in it

A

go to mind map or book

37
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

the process by which larger molecules are separated from the smaller ones by high pressure to push the smaller ones into the bowman’s capsule

38
Q

What is osmoregulation

A

keeping water and salt content of the internal environment constant

39
Q

What are the contents of urine?

A

-water
-urea (toxic, nitrogenous waste product formed when excess amino acids are broken down in the liver into carbohydrates ((these can be stored unlike amino acids))
-salts

40
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Negative feedback is the action taken by the body to return something to a normal / optimum level following a deviation from that level.
—>It is how the body keeps conditions within it constant at the optimum level

41
Q

Explain how the body reacts to water concentration increasing in the blood

A

-the change in blood concentration is detected by hypothalamus (in the brain)
—>in this case if the water potential has increased (more water then there should be)
-the pirtuitary gland releases more ADH
—>this makes the collecting duct of nephron in kidneys less permeable to water (so more water can get into the urine)
-concentration of blood returns to normal
-negative feedback loop switches off and ADH production is no longer inhibited

42
Q

What is the difference between nervous and endocrine system?

A

-the nervous system uses electrical impulses to send messages through neurons
-endocrine glands use hormones to send messages to the target cells through the bloodstream

43
Q

Name 5 things that happen when the body gets too hot?
(why might getting too hot be a problem)

A

too hot for the enzymes so they denature

  1. Vascoconstriction
    -dialate arteriale (widen) so capillaries close to the skin which allows heat to be lost
  2. Sweating
    -when sweat is evapourated, energy goes with it
  3. Muscles (hair)
    -Hair erectus muscles relax/go down to stop the layer of insulation
    -The relaxtion also stops heat from being produced
    -Released stored heat in hair
  4. Metabolic rate
    -slow down metabolism, so not as much heat is generated
44
Q

What is the core body temp. and how much can it chnage either way

A

37 degrees
2 degrees either way so ezymes are at their optimum temp.

45
Q

What are the following:
a) stimulus
b) receptor
c) coordinator
d) effector
e) responce

A

a) a change in environment
b) the part of an organism tat detects a simulus by transduction (changing it’s energy into electrical energy for nerve impulses)
c) central nervous system - spinal cord or brain
d) contracting muscles or hormones secreting gland that carries out response
e) a reaction to the chnage in environment

46
Q

4 factors affecting rate of diffusion

A
  1. The concentration gradient
  2. The surface area to volume ratio
  3. The diffusioin distance
  4. The temperature

Tristan Neville (12 decks)

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