Geography Flashcards
What are the layers of the earth gojng inside to out
Inner core, outer core,mantle ,crust
What is another name for the crust
The lithosphere
What is tbe crust made out of
Tectonic plates
How does the mantle move
Slow big circles caused by convection currents
What state is the crust
Solid
What state is the mantle
Semi-molten (semi liquid rock)
What state is the outer core
Semi liquid iron
Where is the earth’s magnetic field generated in the earth
The outer core due to being made of iron
What state is the material of the inner core and why
Solid due to pressure
What is the inner core made out of
Iron and nickel
What is the source of heat driving the convecton currents
Radioactive decay deep within the earth
What happens at the edge of plate on the earth
Earthquakes and volcanoes
What did alfred wegener believe in 1912
That all continents formed one land mass named pangaea
What is the idea that the continents separated from one land mass
continental drift
What is nuclear powerඩ
Electric or motive power generated by a nuclear reactor/reaction
What are the 7 most important super
Powers
Brazil,Russia,India,China,France,Britain,Usa
Define a superpower
An extremely powerful country, especially one capable of influencing international events and the acts and policies of less powerful countires. Its power can be felt all over the world.(it is not flight or invisibilty)(it is)
What is development
The improvement of people’s quality of life
Examples of developed countries
England,France,Usa,Canada,japan
Emerging countries are…
Countries where quality of life has improved recently however it is not good enough to be considered develoed
Examples of emerging countries are
China and india
The BRIC countries are
Brazil,Russia,India and China
What are BRIC countries
Emerging countries that are rapidly developing in the 21st century (Brazil, Russia, India, and China)
What are developing countries
The poorest countries where quality of life is lower
Examples of developing countries
Afghanistan( due to war) and Haiti (due to natural disasters)
How can we identify a country’s development through wealth
The country can spend more on public services such as health care and security benefitting the Qol(quality of life)
What can we use to measure the economic development of a counry as a whole and what is its definition
GDP(gross Domestic product))
The total value of goods and services produced ina country per year
What is the GDp per capita
The GDP per person
How can the GDP per capita be calculated
Dividing the total GDP by population
This gives uou an idea of the average wealth of each oerson
What is the problem with GDP
It gives the overall figure of the country not what each person has.(overlooks inequality and cannot calculate the difference between the rich and poor)
What is HDI
Human development index
A composite measure of development as it takes into account more than one type of measue
What makes up HDI
The life expectancy/health
The education level
The income
These are combined to get one oevrall score
What can life expectanty tell us about the development of s country
If people live longer the quality of life and health care is better
How can education show the development of a country
Shows how many people can recieve a good education to get a well paying job.(increases quality of life)
Which is better when evaluating development
HDI or GDP
HDI as it can indicate how money is spent in the country
What is a high and low HDI score respectively
1 and 0
What is the birthrate of a country
The number of live births per 1000 population per year
Whatis the death rate of a country
The amount of deaths per 1000 population per year
What can increase the deathrate
Natural disasters,war or disease
What is natural increase and decrease
Where the birth rate of a is either higher or lower than the death rate which either increases or deceases the population
What is life expectancy
The average number of years that a person can expect to live to
How can life expectancy affect the Qol
Requires good healthcare shstem,access to healthy food and a lack of disease all increasing th£ Qol
What is infant mortality
The amount of children who doe before their first bithday per 1000 births a year
Why would there be s high birth rate in developing countries
Lack of access to contraception ans there is a need for more children to provide for their fam8ly
In a developing country, what increases or decreases
Birth rate is high,death rate is high,infant mortality is increaing,life expectancy is low
In emerging countries what is increaing or decreasing
Birth rate is decreasing,death rate is falling,life expectancy is increasing, infant mortality is decreasing
What is increasing lr decreasing in developed countries
Birth rate is decreasing, death rate is low, life expectancy is high,infant mortality is low
What can a lack of investment in healthcare and education cuase
A cycle of poverty
What cn development do to the environment
It can negatively impact due to the amount of industrialisation required to achieve the status of a developed country
How fast is development in landlocked countries
Slow as most trade happens through sea which is essential to development
Which land type is bad for development
Infertile land as it will not be able to sustain a karge population or work force with the amount of food self-made
Why is land on tectonic boundaries or easily flooded bad for development
This is because of natural disasters such as flooding and earthquakes which heavily impacts the country by destroying structures
Which climates are not best for development
Tropical,hot deserts or tundras are quite bas for developemnt as it can be hard to gain resources such as food while also negatively imapacting work conditions by being too hot or cold
What natural resources are bad for development
Countries having too little or much of resources such as coal,oil or gold is bad as it can lead to corruption or not being able to sell them to create an income(if they have little)
What natural resources are bad for development
Countries having too little or much of resources such as coal,oil or gold is bad as it can lead to corruption or not being able to sell them to create an income(if they have little)
4 evidence of continental drift?
Jigsaw fit, Convectional currents, study of fossils and geological patterns
What were the pieces of evidence prominently known as to prove Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift?
Paleomagnetism - As lava cools the magnetic iron points to the north pole. It was known at the time that the earth’s polarity switches approximately every 100mill years and when this reversed from north to south, the iron particles in the erupting magma aligned themselves with the Earth’s new polarity at that time – this creates evidence of seafloor spreading.
Convection currents - found to move the tectonic plates through magma drising to 5000° and cooling down
Fossil evidence - fun din’sur man (Mesosaurus) fossils found in South Africa and South America suggesting the continents were interconnected
Jigsaw fit - visually, it seems as if the continents could slot into each other like jigsaw pieces
