geog book 4 chap 3 Flashcards
what is a tectonic disaster risk?
refers to the potential damage to properties, injuries and loss of lives, from a disaster in a given period of time
determined as a product of the interaction between tectonic hazard, vulnerability and exposure to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
what is tectonic disaster risk management
plans and actions that are put in place to
prevent disaster risks before the occurences of tectonic hazards
reduce disaster risks as TH occur
manage DR after TH
how does DRM prevent disaster risks before the occurences of TH
designing HRB ensures structures can withstand hazards and do not collapse easily preventing DR
give an example of how DRM prevent disaster risks before the occurences of TH
Taipei 101 is a skyscraper buily in EPZ
has a weighted damper near top of building to balance out ground shaking from earthquakes and reduces sway of building during an EQ and threat of collapse
how does DRM reduce DR as TH occur
tsunami and EQ early monitoring and warning systems enables timely evacuation and lesser loss of lives
how does DRM strengthen DR after occurences of TH
insurance coverage offers financial payouts to rebuild when properties are destroyed
enabling quick recovery from impacts of TH
strengthens resilience as it enables communities to resist, adapt and recover from TH in a timely and efficient manner
how does the environmental consequences of DR and losses hinder development?
TH can bury huge areas of forests and wetlands destroying ecosystems and loss of biodiversity
debris pollute rivers killing aquatic life
debris may block rivers causing floods that damage ecosystems
how does the social consequences of DR and losses hinder development?
TH can cause LoL as ppl drown or get hit by debris
people may become homeless as houses are destroyed
they are hence forced to live in temporary housing lacking proper sanitation causing poor standards of living
sea water brought inland by tsunamis contaminate wells and drinking sources causing pollution and spread of diseases
individuals may suffer trauma from loss of homes or loved ones
the constant threat of losing their lives can affect their mental health
how does the economic consequences of DR and losses hinder development?
damage to properties
people suffer financially as it is costly to rebuild damaged properties
business owners lose incomes due to damage of property
govts need to spend money to repair and rebuild
how does DR and losses hinder economic development?
countries need to channel money to rebuilding, development is slowed down as money is invested in other areas
efforts to reduce poverty may be affected as people live in poverty with poor standards of living when they lose income and homes due to DR
entire tourism industry may be affefted as damaged infrastructure and facilities may cause lesser revenue to people and govt
give an example of DR hindering economic growth
the 2004 indian ocean tsunami
increase in number of ppl living in poverty by 20% (30-50) in Aceh, Indonesia
many lost their jobs hindering development
why is it important to reduce disaster risks in disaster prone developing countriws
social, economic and environmental consequences can be severe hinding development
developing countries disproportionately affected by TH as they lack capacity to prevent reduce and manage DR
give an example of how DRM is important in disaster prone developing countries
Mw 7.0 Haiti Eq
most of city destroyed as it lacked finances to invest in ERB
causing 220000 deaths
Mw 9.0 Tohuku Eq
lower death toll of about 19000 with higher magnitude as they had ERB and a better economic position to recover due to available resources
how do some developing countries reduce DR through investment and planning + example
DRM is cost effective in preventing future losses contributing to sustainable development
additional investments to reduce DR are smaller than costs incurred from disaster
it lowers cost of rebuilding and threat to development gains
mw7.0 2010 chile eq
lesser buildings damaged and low death toll of 500
as they had modern ERB
how does the variation in duration of shaking determine the nature of hazard of EQ + example
longer duration -> more damage
as structures subjected to a long period of stress and are more lijelt to collapse
ppl will be more likely to be trapped in collapsed infrastructure increases injuries and loss of lives
mw 9.0 2011 tohuku eq lasted 9 mins causing significal dmg to buildings
how does the variation in time of shaking determine the nature of hazard of EQ + example
influences activities carried out by people and how they respond when eq strikes
at night ppl sleeping -> less alert -» unable to evacuate quickly
in the day time at work or school -> more alert -» evacuate quickly
mw 6.9 1995 kobe eq occured at 6am when ppl asleep and were trapped at home causing more than 6000 casualties
how does the quality of building design and construction of shaking determine the vulnerabme conditions of EQ
EQ doesnt kill people but rather the buildings and the contents of its collapse do
the poorer the quality of building design, more vulnerable the buildings are to collapsing causing more ppl to be trapped
- poorly built w low quality materials that are rigid and unable to withstand shaking
- do not follow building codes set by authorities
- lack ERF such as reinforced steel walls
give an example of how does the quality of building design and construction of shaking determine the vulnerabme conditions of EQ
mw 7.0 Haiti EQ 2010 port au prince
buildings collapsed
made of low quality materials and structures are poorly reinforced
>90% of buildings near to the epicentre were destroyed during EQ causing 220000 lives lost
how does the salt and rock properties determine the vulnerable conditions of EQ - loose soil
potentially open up to other EQH like soil liquefaction
when soils are saturated and loose shaking may result in liquefaction
buildings are more vulnerae to collapse as they sink into liquefied soil and tip over
people more likely trapped in collapsed buildings increasing injuries and loss of lives
how does the salt and rock properties determine the vulnerable conditions of EQ - soft soil
soft soil increases DR
as seismic waves travel from hard rocks to soft soil, waves get amplified
passing from rock to soil, waves slow down but become bigger
soft, loose soil shake more intensely than hard rock increasing likelihood of structures collapsing
people will more likely be tralled in buildings increasing injuries and loss of lives
give an example of how salt and rock properties determine the vulnerabme conditions of EQ - loose soil
large areas of PaP, Haiti lie on layers of relatively soft soil
when 2010 mw 7.0 haiti eq, seismic waves amplified
causing collapse of many buildings and more than 220000 casualties
how does variation population density determine exposure of a place to TH + example
higher the pd, higher no of ppl and buildings exposed to EQs
as when large numbers of people are located within buildings, more ppl will be trapped when buildings collapse increasing injuries and loss of lives
mw 6.9 1995 Kobe EQ
densely populated city
killed more than 6000 people and injuted 40000 ppl
pd: 3000ppl/km²
how does distance from epicentre influence exposure of communities to EQH + example
nearer the city to epicentre
> more no of ppl and buildings exposed to hazard increasing DR
> less energy absorbed by rocks before seismic waves reach city causing them to be stronger resulting in violent shaking
buildings and structures more likely to collapse causing more ppl trapped and higher no of casualties
mw7.0 2010 Haiti EQ: PaP
>220000 deaths as epicentre only 25km west frm city
how does the chemical composition if magma affect nature of eruption
determines effusive/ explosive
influences type of hazards occuring and extent of DR
low silica
- less viscous
- as magma rises to ES dissolved gases in magma can escape easily causing less pressure to build up -> gentle effusive eruptions
- dmg infrastructure over GR of volcano
- rarely kill ppl as ppl can avoid lava
high silica
- more viscous
- as magma rises to ES, dissolved gases in magma cannot escape easily
- more pressure builds up until gases escape explosively -> violent, explosive eruptions
- may form highly destructive pyroclastic flows causing widespread damage to infrastructure
- explosion of volcanic materials strike ppl and properties
- causing high injuries and casualties
give an example of the impact low silica VE
2018 kilaeua in hawaii
- 24 injuries
- destroyed 600 himes
- usd $800mil property damage
give an example of the impact high silica VE
2010 mt merapi indonesia
- pyroclastic flows travelled 3km down heavily populated sides
- volcanic bombs spread over a distance of 10km
- 350 000 ppl evacuated and 350 killed
how does the availability of and surface groundwater influence the vulnerable conditions of a place to VE
high availability -> highly likely lahads
increasing vulnerability of people and properties increasing DRs and bury and destroy properties increasing likelihood of injuries and casualties
how does a large surface and groundwater quantity develop? + example
- rapid melting of snow and ice on volcano’s summit during VE
- groundwater released through cracks and fractures during VE
- rivers and lakes nearby
- heavy rainfall
> 1991 mt pinatubo eruption: lahars triggered by heavy rain during monsoon season destroying 100000 homes
how does prevailing wind conditions make places more vulnerable to VE + example
strength and direction of prevailing winds affect distribution of rainfall and tephra -> influencing extent of DR
the larger the area affected the higher no of ppl and properties that become vulnerable as heavier and larger particles deposited close to volcano
and finish ash particled carried snd deposited hundreds or thousands of kilometers away from volcano
causing health and respiratory problems
and damage to propertied as the weight if accumulated ash on roofs cause collapse
mt pinatubo: ashfall and tephra spreading a large distance due to fast wind speed of more than 20m/s
more than 90 000 hectares of dsmaged farmland
what factors affect the exposure of a place to VE
presence of human settlements increase exposure of people and properties to VH increasinf DR by VE
however many choose to stay near active volcanoes
why are strategies to build CR to EQ and VE important for communities living in EPZs
involved availability of communities living in HZP to RAR from impacts of disasters in a timely and efficient manner
how does land use planning reduce a place’s exposure to VH and EQH + example
controlling and reducing development in high risk areas reduces potential loss of lives and damage to properties
using hazards maps and strict guidelines control development implemented
- suggests level of risk based on likelihood of disaster occuring
- indicate the possible extent of disasters
after 1933 japan tsunami, LUP implemented and residential land use on coastal areas shifted to higher ground
when 2011 tohuku eq struck, houses on higher ground not destroyed
how to reduce vulnerability through HRB designs
shock absorbers/ dampers in buildings absorb vibratiobs
reinforcing buildings using diagonal cross braces to retain building shape during EQ events
prevents buildings from swaying too much causing lesser casualties
give an example of reducing vulnerability to HRB
Taipei 101: skyscraper built in EPZ
weighted damper near the top to balance out groundshaking from EQ
this reduces sway of building an EQ, reducing threat of building collapsing
how to reduce vulnerability through monitoring and warning systems + example
set of devices used to detect seismic waves and groujd deformation
help make predictions and send warnings about potential hazards
enabling people to evacuate to a safer place reducing susceptibility of TH
2011 tohuku eq
mws detected strong tremors, a signal was sent out to stop bullet trains -> saved lives of thousands of passengers
what is earthquake early warning
use a network of sensors and monitors
seismic waves detected during an EQ
alerts sent to smart devices to inform people of when seismic waves might reach them
provide advance warning to people
this is critical for saving lives as it gives time for authorities and people to respond and evacuate quickly
EQ sensors identify risk areas and aid to be directed where most needed
how does raising public awareness of hazards through education increase preparedness for respond and recovery building CR
provides ppl w knowledge of hazards and how to respond to them
taking temporary shelter from volcanic ash during an eruption and sealing doors and windows
conducting first aid training increase preparedness for respond and recovery building CR
enables ppl to administer basic medical care to the injured and keep them mobile so that they can evacuate if needed
how does conducting evacuation drills increase preparedness for respond and recovery building CR
enables people to be farmiliar with evacuation procedures and routes, reducing likelihood of them being trapped in collapsed buildings
farmiliarise them to avoid areas downwind of volcano to avoid volcanic ash
tsunamis: drills would farmiliarise people with designated tsunami indunation zones and the marked evacuation routes so that they avoid tsunami waves
give an example of how conducting evacuation drills increase preparedness for respond and recovery building CR
2011 tohuku eq
nearly all 3000 students of kamaishi city survived the eq and tsunami
have disaster prevention and education programme
and they were hence able to respond quickly and evacuate to higher ground
how does developing plans to ensure that people are able to get back to their lives increase preparedness for respond and recovery building CR
plans for makeshift shelters
provision of medical care, food and water
how does the extent of communities resources pose challenges in building CR
influences the ability of the community to reduce vulnerability and exposure to TH and recover from the impact
usually developing countries as govts of DC choose to prioritise economic development rather than TH DRM
give an example of how the extent of communities resources pose challenges in building CR
Bangladesh, a developing country lies along plate boundary
30% of population lives below poverty line and most resources used for economic development
hence
21% of capital buildings are easily damaged
77% of them are reinforced but have not been designed to sustain EQ
makes Dhaka very vulnerable to impacts of EQ
how does the capability to organise itself for disasters pose challenges in building CR
lower capability limits ability to respond and recover from TH
as there is a lack of efforts to educate and train community to respond and recover from TH,
political instability
and corruption causing a loss of funding meant to build community preparedness
give an example of how the capability to organise itself for disasters pose challenges in building CR
2010 haiti eq
caused more than 220 000 deaths
community in haiti not able to organise itself for disasters as no message was put in place to educate haitians about how to respond to a disaster
they had no network of community healthcare workers causing limited medical and emergency response
poor law enforcement caused looting needed to survive became urgent
there was chaos and unrest as survivors found it hard to take care of themselves and recover from the disasters
what is disaster management
refers to how communities can adopt strategies to respond and recover from disasters
why do various stakeholders need to work together for these DM to be successful?
local govts required to assess damage and to take immediate action
NGOs and private organisations may aid in provision of necessities and establish relief funds
what are the aims of strategies to respond to DM
save lives
reduce health impacts
ensure public safety
meet the immediate basic needs of those affected by disaster
how does search and rescue efforts help communities respond and recover from EQ and VE + example
Search and rescue teams aim to rescue the largest number of people in the shortest time
They use skilled teams and specialized equipment to minimize risk and prevent further harm
This helps save lives by quickly locating and evacuating survivors
2020 aegean sea, turkey
more than 8000 s&r and first aid teams deployed and over 106 people rescued
how does timely evacuation during earthquakes help communities respond and recover from disasters
buildings and infrastructure may collapse hence people need to be evacuated from buildings to open spaces to avoid getting trapped under rubble
powerful aftershocks can occur soon after an earthquake causing previously weakened structures to collapse
basic services disruoted and people need to be evacuated to temporary shelters where food, water and medical supplies are provided
how does timely evacuation during tsunamis help communities respond and recover from disasters
people need to be evacuated to higher groubd and away from the coast to minimise casualties
how does timely evacuation during VE help communities respond and recover from disasters
lahars, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and tephra can cause casualties
people need to be evacuated from danger zone around the volcano
give an example of how timely evacuation during VE help communities respond and recover from disasters
2010
after warning of mt merapis imminent eruption issued by scientists
Indonesia’s authorities organised massive quick evacuation efforts saving more than 10000 lives
how does the provision of water to affevted communities help them respond and recover from disasters
after disasters there may be water shortages
ground shaking during EQ can rupture water pipes cutting off or contaminating water supplies
VE can contaminate water sources
providing clean water can prevent dehydration and water bourne diseases that may occur when affected communities drink from contaminated sources of water
give an example of how the provision of water to affevted communities help them respond and recover from disasters
2010 haiti eq
water supply disrupted in PaP
International Commitee of the red cross provided water supply for 12000 people trucking water into PaP daily
how does the provision of food to affevted communities help them respond and recover from disasters + example
people may not have access to food due to shop closures and damages to crops
available food may not be safe for consumption as frozen food may turn bad due to damaged storage equipment
providing food can prevent hunger and starvation
2017 mt agung eruption
stakeholders provided food to more than 75000 evacuees
how does the provision of healthcare to affected communities help them respond and recover from disasters + example
may be disrupted causing damage to hospitals
many require healthcare support after disasters
providing access to medicine, doctors and hospitals prevent spread of diseases and save lives
2018 fuego eruption guatemala
world vision provided 30000 boxes of medical supplies and 1000 hygiene kits to affected communities
how does the provision of psychological services to affected communities help them respond and recover from disasters + example
experiencing a disaster can result in great emotional distress due to severe injuries, loss of lives of loved ones and loss of livelihoods
many survivors will beed counselling from mental health experts to come to terms with the disaster and rebuild their lives
providing psychological services helps survivors come to terms with it
2018 Palu, Indonesia EQ
volunteer groups focusing on mental health worked with children to help them deal with trauma of losing their families and homes
how are strategies to recover achieved
constructing HRB & I
retrofitting surviving buildings and infrastructure with HR features
allowing residents to eventually return to their original homes -> keeping communities intact after a disaster
providing housing assistance -> enabling affected communities to rebuild their lives after the disaster and minimising their vulnerability and exposure to TH
give an example of strategies to recover from TH
2011 tohuku eq
displaced 500000 people
by 2016, majority rehoused in settlements with enhanced HR features
in a port town, ground level of sites for new houses raised by 10m and 2 more sea walls were built
how does a lack of domestic resources pose technological and financial challenges in DM
country may not have financial and technological resources to effectively respond and recover from disasters
-> hamper disases response efforts resulting in delays and more lives lost
give an example of how a lack of domestic resources pose technological and financial challenges in DM
2010 haiti eq
lack of resources dampered DM efforts
there was a shortage of ambulances to transport the injured
rescue team spent many hours removing rubble manually with hammers or rods to pull trapped people under collapsed buildings
how do challenges in engaging relevant stakeholders to collaborate and integrate DMS into practice pose challenges in DM
disagreements from other stakeholders
stakeholders underestimate need for certain DMS
high cos of integrating such strategies into their practices
> local communities reluctant to purchase insurance for tectonic disaster risks
> private insurance companies might not be willing to offer such insurance policies causing high financial commitment required
> individuals reluctant to retrofit their buildings to ensure they are HR
give an example of how challenges in engaging relevant stakeholders to collaborate and integrate DMS into practice pose challenges in DM
2015 nepal eq
govt and opposition parties created new public body, theNationak Reconstruction Authority NRA to oversee building due to political disagreements
it took 9 months to appoint leader for NRA hindering recovering works in the country
