geog book 2 chap 2 Flashcards
what is the effect of globalisation
causes the continued growth of international tourism
destination and generating regions have become more diverse
how does globalization cause the continued growth of international tourism - ability to travel
increase the ability to travel as people have the ability to search for and buy tourism related services anywhere
this also increases the competition among businesses increasing the incentive to offer value for money experiences to attract more people
tourists can thus enjoy more affordable tours increasing the tourists ability to travel
how does globalization cause the continued growth of international tourism - motivation to travel
people have more access to new ideas in tourism destinations and experiences from all over the world increasing tourists’ MTT
give an example of gloablisation increasing tourists’ motivation to travel
London’s King Cross Station has become popular with tourists due to international airing of the harry potter film series
how does globalization cause the continued growth of international tourism - mobility in travel
places become more connected via different transport modes thus travelling has become more convenient increasing MIT
how have the tdr and tgr become more diverse?
european countries are still the most popular tourist destinations. however develiping countries have been increasingly popular among tourists
most tourists come from the world’s most developed countries in europe and north america. hoever more international tourists are coming from rapidly developing countries in asia-pacific and south america such as china india and brazil
how have tourism demands changed - increasing popularity of lesser known destinations that were not easily accessible before
increasingly tourists seek new destinations to fulfil their need to discover unique travel experiences that were not previously popular or accessible
globalisation has resulted in more information of destinations online and experiences can be easily planned and purchased online.
advances in transportation such as new transport modes and expansion of transport infrastructure increases the accessibility of destinations
give an example of tourism destinations that were not previously popular or accessible
remote destinations such as antartica have become increasingly popular as people seek to explore one of the world’s untouched region and the availability of cruise services increase the convenience
why are more tourists visiting second cities
fulfil the need for unique travel experiences in less crowded places
avoid exceeding the carrying capacity in tourist hotspots and enable the environment to recover
cheaper travelling costs as compared to at tourist hotspots
popular among younger travellers as social media increases their awareness of these places
how does globalization lead to new experiences
specific areas of interest fueled globalisation
why and where do people carry out adventure tourism
tourists travel to natural environments and participate in challenging physical activities and achieve personal growth and fulfilment
they usually visit places of natural beauty where tourists can enjoy scenic views and carry out physically challenging acitivities
why and where do people carry out heritage tourism
experience culture and learn about their history
this fulfils the need for unique travel experiences
tourists can also understand the rich and diverse global cultures outside of their home country
they visit places with rich history and cultures
give an example of heritage tourism
machu picchu in peru attracts more than 1 million tourists every year
many are attracted to it and to learn more about unique history and culture of its ancient cities
why and where do people carry out sports tourism
tourists observe or participate in sporting events and seek to achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment and escape the stress of work
carried out at places where sporting events are held that have sporting facilities to host the events
give an example of sports tourism
during the English Premier League, thousands of overseas football fans visited Manchester to watch their favourite teams
why and where do people carry out health tourism
seek medical care or activities to enhance physical, mental and spiritual wellness
seek medical procedures at these destinations as it may be cheaper than in the home country, shorter waiting time and may be unavailable in home country
tourists carry out health tourism to have a greater sense of self-fulfilment and increase tourists’ wellbeing and self-esteem
tourists also carry out activities to relax and enhance overall health
these are usually carried out at renowed medical or wellness facilities
name an example of health tourism
Bali, Indonesia is famous for yoga and wellness resorts surrounded by scenic views
describe mass market tour operators
people or companies that supply tour packages to cater to large groups of people
tours are attractive as they are relatively cheaper as tour operators buy these services in large quantities at lower costs. there is less hassle of booking the different services individually. many trust tour operators’ knowledge of the destination and their ability to provide help
give an example of a mass market tour operator
Klook is one of singapores biggest mmto that offer a large variety of tours to many destinations at relatively affordable prices
describe specialist tour operators
people or companies that supply tours for niche travel
they specialize in specific destinations and experiences that may mmtos do not usually offer hence tours for niche travels are not widely purchased
experts in those experiences at specific destinations give advice and recommendations to tourists
often customizable as they cater to small groups unlike mmtos
niche travel is becoming popular due to globalisation
how does tourism marketing change from traditional print to new online media?
advances in information and technology have transformed the way tourism is being marketed
tourists have been increasingly searching for tips online compared to traditional print and broadcasting
many tourism businesses are turning to social media to market their services
how does tourism cause employment opportunities in formal and informal tourism sectors
the tourism industry is labour intensive and creates a wide range of employment opportunities of varying skills in both the destination and generating regions such as transport accommodation and leisure activities
describe formal and informal employment
formal:
fixed work hours, stable monthly wage, sign a written contract, contribute income tax
informal:
work irregular hours, have fluctuating wages, do not sign contracts, do not contribute income tax.
give an example of employment opportunities in tourism sector
in 2019 tourism accounted for 330 million formal jobs worldwide representing 10% of the global workforce
how does tourism generate income from tourists spending on consuner goods and services
tourism generates income for locals and government in tdr and tgr
tourists spend money on consumer goods and services offered by locals increasing the incomes for locals
taxes on tourism spending provides the government w considerable revenues used to invest in improving the standard of living
tourism can alleviate poverty as it can transfer wealth from wealthier to poorer regions
how does tourism cause economic leakages
happens when revenue is generated by tourism in tdr is lost due to the economies if other countries
occurs when tourist businesses in tdr pay for imports of goods and services to support the tourism industry
this decreases the revenue from tourism decreasinf the income earned by locals from tourism
the government has lesser revenue to improve the standard of living
give an example of a bad case of economic leakages
in developing countries, economic leakages may be so significant that it can wipe out economic benefits of tourism
how does natural disasters cause a sudden fall in tourist numbers
significant damage to tourism infrastructure in tdr and tgr
ppl fearing for their safety might cancel or postpone their trips
give an example of natural disasters leading to a decrease in tourist numbers
in 2017 parts of the Caribbean Islands were struck with succession of powerful hurricanes destroying 95% of buildings destroyed, a decrease in 1 mil tourist arrivals and a revenue loss of US $700mil
how does unfavourable political situations lead to a drop in tourism numbers
riots and protests may start in a country causing the closure of hotels and tourist attractions
people fearing for their lives may postpone or cancel their trips
the government may choose to closee off affected areas or issue travel advisories to discourage travelling to ensure safety, decreasing tourism arrivals
give an example of unfavourable political situations causing a decrease in tourist arrivals
in 2020 protests in thailand against military rule, several countries issued travel advisories to its citizens to dissuade them from visiting thailand for a period of time, decreasing tourist arrivals
how does economic downturn decrease tourist arrivals
economies of countries are negatively affected
companies may attempt to cut costs
people may lose their jobs or experience pay cuts resulting in a decrease of disposable incomes
people may choose not to travel to limit spending
give an example of how economic downturn leads to the decrease in tourist arrivals
the maldives which are very dependent on tourism, suffered a drop of 4% in tourism arrivals in 2009 due to global economic crisis
how does the outbreak of diseases cause the decrease in tourism arrivals
people may postpone or cancel their trips for safety
governments may choose to close off affected areas or issue travel advisory to ensure safety decreasing number of tourists
give an example of how the outbreak of diseases caused a decrease in tourist arrivals
the covid 19 pandemic infected over 205mil people and caused 4 million deaths
many countries went into “lockdown” causing international travel to shut down
in the first half of 2020: tourist arrivals globally decreased by more than 65%
how does tourism preserve culture
tourists are keen to visit places with rich culture and heritage and want to learn more about cultural activities
tourism revenue provides an incentive to protect traditional cultural practices and art forms
planning authorities may also invest money to encourage such traditional practices enhancing preservation efforts building locals’ sense of belonging
this ensures the passing down of knowledge and cultural practices
give an example of how tourism encourages cultural preservation
shadow puppetry in china is an ancient art form that is culturally important to local communities
viewers showed great interest leading to more innovations made to attract viewers, such as virtual reality, preserving art forms
how does tourism enhance cultural ecosystem services
protecting the environment for tourist activities enhances cultural ecosystem services offered by nature, providing tourists and locals with aesthetic, educational, recreational and spiritual benefits
how does tourism lead to commodification of cultural rituals and art forms
the demand for heritage tourism increased causing traditions to undergo commodification and decreases their cultural value
cultural rituals may be exaggerated, staged or condensed to fit the requests for tourists
art forms may be mass-produced for tourists
this may cause conflict among locals between those who support using their culture for tourism and those who fear losing the authenticity of their cultures
give an example of how tourism leads to the commodification of culture
in Vancouver, Canada, totem poles are commodified and can be purchased as souvenirs causing them to be inauthentic pieces without collaboration with ancient tribes
this creates tension between locals that sell souvenirs for a living and those who feel their culture is being diluted
how does tourism cause cultural clashes
tourists can be insensitive to local norms leading to negative sentiments against tourists
tourism may also result in negative impacts to the local communities and environments such as congestion and pollution, leading to positive attitudes towards tourists
locals may see tourism as a threat to their sense of identity and the cause for the increase in the cost of living
give an example of how tourism caused cultural clashes
in Hawaii, USA, most locals did not want for it to be opened up to the public after the covid 19 lockdown
many tourists did not follow public safety guides such as mask wearing
tourists did not respect indegenious Hawaiian culture
how does tourism lead to the rise in crimes
tourists carry large sums of money and are relaxed making them lucrative and easy targets for pickpockets
tourists may find themselves being targeted if the negative sentiments from locals build up
with the increasing crime rate tourists do not feel safe
give an example of how tourism leads to the rise in crimes
a tourist bus in spain was attacked by anti-tourist protestors who punctured tyres and sprayed anti-tourism graffiti on the bus
how does the nature of interaction between local communities and tourists influencing the impacts of tourism
the nature of interaction between locals and tourists mutually affect each other
the relationship between locals and tourists increases the likelihood of negative social impacts to occur and are therefore significantly felt by destination regions
BUT locals may also depend on tourism and would be disadvantaged if tourists stopped visiting
how does tourism conserve natural environments of biodiversity
locals and the government in the destination region maintain a pristine environment to attract tourists to visit
tourism revenue generated in the destination region is used to fund the protection of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, protecting biodiversity
how does the government in destination regions conserve environment
done through establishing protected areas or National Parks where development is restricted ensuring a habitats undisturbed
employing and training specialized staff to run these parks to care for these ecosystems
setting up environmental education programmes for tourists to encourage them to care for these ecosystems
give an example of tourism conserving natural environments and preservation of biodiversity
entrance fee of US$100 charged to visitors entering Galapagos National Park in Ecuador, the revenue generated chanelled to the conservation and upkeep of the park
how does tourism restore degraded aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
aquatic and terrestrial sites have potential to become tourist attracted providing motivation to restore degraded and terrestrial ecosystems, creating natural attractions
this is done by stopping and reversing degradation to these ecosystems such as reforestation
give an example of tourism restoring degraded aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
in Marritus and Seychelles, coral reefs negatively affected by overfishing, unsustainable fisihing methods and improper waste disposed
coral reefs are economically significant for locals livelihoods
regional project led by united nations development funds has been initiated to restore coral reef ecocystems
how does tourism cause pollution
travelling by land sea or air requires a high amount of fossil fuels to be burned generating a large amount of greenhouse gases
services provided by tourism such as air-conditioned accommodation increases greenhouse gases and causes enhanced greenhouse gases
these greenhouse gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides causing respiratory illnesses
air pollution circulates over a large area of impact far from where it originated
how does tourism generate a large amount of waste
tourists leave litter at places without proper waste disposal systems causing environmental degradation
how does improper waste disposal generate a large amount of waste
places without proper waste disposal systems, tourists leave litter behind causing environmental degradation
give an example of how does improper waste disposal generate a large amount of waste
Mount Everest climbers discard tents, food containers and human waste in the area
the chemicals from trash contaminates soil and groundwater causing land and water pollution
how does inadequate sewage facilities generate a large amount of waste
many accommodations in the destination regions may not have the proper sewage systems such as water treatment facilities
sewage generated is not treated and may be improperly disposed off to the sea causing water pollution
give an example of how inadequate sewage facilities generate a large amount of waste
in Boracay, Philippines, more than 200 businesses and accommodation are not connected to the sewage line
sewage is untreated and thrown into the sea causing degradation of water quality in the sea, threatening aquatic ecosystems
how does tourism result in depletion of natural resources
tourism results in the overuse of natural resources causing depletion of natural resources and other negative impacts such as droughts
this harms people and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems
give an example of how does tourism result in depletion of natural resources
bali’s tourism industry draws 3 mil litres of water per day
hotels and resorts take water from the public water supply system and a large amount of groundwater to meet the tourists’ demand
this causes rivers to dry up decreasing the water resource availability for locals and terrestrial and aquatic species
the limited supply of water increases water prices and agriculture is unprofitable, affecting local farmers’ livelihood
how does tourism cause threats to wildlife habitats
construction of tourist facilities may interfere with the space of natural areas, destroying natural environments and threatening wildlife habitats
careless tourists may trample on plants or make too much noise which can disturb and frighten animals
give an example of how tourism cause threats to wildlife habitats
in the Maldives, the government built large-scale facilities for accommodation, food and recreation for tourists threatening the coastal environment
rock and sand dumped into the sea during construction suffocating corals
in the long term, animals dependent on the coral reefs for food and shelter may lose their habitat and food source
