geog book 2 chap 2

Question 1

what is the effect of globalisation

Answer 1

causes the continued growth of international tourism
destination and generating regions have become more diverse

Question 2

how does globalization cause the continued growth of international tourism - ability to travel

Answer 2

increase the ability to travel as people have the ability to search for and buy tourism related services anywhere
this also increases the competition among businesses increasing the incentive to offer value for money experiences to attract more people
tourists can thus enjoy more affordable tours increasing the tourists ability to travel

Question 3

how does globalization cause the continued growth of international tourism - motivation to travel

Answer 3

people have more access to new ideas in tourism destinations and experiences from all over the world increasing tourists’ MTT

Question 4

give an example of gloablisation increasing tourists’ motivation to travel

Answer 4

London’s King Cross Station has become popular with tourists due to international airing of the harry potter film series

Question 5

how does globalization cause the continued growth of international tourism - mobility in travel

Answer 5

places become more connected via different transport modes thus travelling has become more convenient increasing MIT

Question 6

how have the tdr and tgr become more diverse?

Answer 6

european countries are still the most popular tourist destinations. however develiping countries have been increasingly popular among tourists

most tourists come from the world’s most developed countries in europe and north america. hoever more international tourists are coming from rapidly developing countries in asia-pacific and south america such as china india and brazil

Question 7

how have tourism demands changed - increasing popularity of lesser known destinations that were not easily accessible before

Answer 7

increasingly tourists seek new destinations to fulfil their need to discover unique travel experiences that were not previously popular or accessible

globalisation has resulted in more information of destinations online and experiences can be easily planned and purchased online.

advances in transportation such as new transport modes and expansion of transport infrastructure increases the accessibility of destinations

Question 8

give an example of tourism destinations that were not previously popular or accessible

Answer 8

remote destinations such as antartica have become increasingly popular as people seek to explore one of the world’s untouched region and the availability of cruise services increase the convenience

Question 9

why are more tourists visiting second cities

Answer 9

fulfil the need for unique travel experiences in less crowded places

avoid exceeding the carrying capacity in tourist hotspots and enable the environment to recover

cheaper travelling costs as compared to at tourist hotspots

popular among younger travellers as social media increases their awareness of these places

Question 10

how does globalization lead to new experiences

Answer 10

specific areas of interest fueled globalisation

Question 11

why and where do people carry out adventure tourism

Answer 11

tourists travel to natural environments and participate in challenging physical activities and achieve personal growth and fulfilment

they usually visit places of natural beauty where tourists can enjoy scenic views and carry out physically challenging acitivities

Question 12

why and where do people carry out heritage tourism

Answer 12

experience culture and learn about their history
this fulfils the need for unique travel experiences
tourists can also understand the rich and diverse global cultures outside of their home country

they visit places with rich history and cultures

Question 13

give an example of heritage tourism

Answer 13

machu picchu in peru attracts more than 1 million tourists every year

many are attracted to it and to learn more about unique history and culture of its ancient cities

Question 14

why and where do people carry out sports tourism

Answer 14

tourists observe or participate in sporting events and seek to achieve personal growth and self-fulfilment and escape the stress of work

carried out at places where sporting events are held that have sporting facilities to host the events

Question 15

give an example of sports tourism

Answer 15

during the English Premier League, thousands of overseas football fans visited Manchester to watch their favourite teams

Question 16

why and where do people carry out health tourism

Answer 16

seek medical care or activities to enhance physical, mental and spiritual wellness

seek medical procedures at these destinations as it may be cheaper than in the home country, shorter waiting time and may be unavailable in home country

tourists carry out health tourism to have a greater sense of self-fulfilment and increase tourists’ wellbeing and self-esteem

tourists also carry out activities to relax and enhance overall health

these are usually carried out at renowed medical or wellness facilities

Question 17

name an example of health tourism

Answer 17

Bali, Indonesia is famous for yoga and wellness resorts surrounded by scenic views

Question 18

describe mass market tour operators

Answer 18

people or companies that supply tour packages to cater to large groups of people

tours are attractive as they are relatively cheaper as tour operators buy these services in large quantities at lower costs. there is less hassle of booking the different services individually. many trust tour operators’ knowledge of the destination and their ability to provide help

Question 19

give an example of a mass market tour operator

Answer 19

Klook is one of singapores biggest mmto that offer a large variety of tours to many destinations at relatively affordable prices

Question 20

describe specialist tour operators

Answer 20

people or companies that supply tours for niche travel
they specialize in specific destinations and experiences that may mmtos do not usually offer hence tours for niche travels are not widely purchased

experts in those experiences at specific destinations give advice and recommendations to tourists

often customizable as they cater to small groups unlike mmtos

niche travel is becoming popular due to globalisation

Question 21

how does tourism marketing change from traditional print to new online media?

Answer 21

advances in information and technology have transformed the way tourism is being marketed

tourists have been increasingly searching for tips online compared to traditional print and broadcasting

many tourism businesses are turning to social media to market their services

Question 22

how does tourism cause employment opportunities in formal and informal tourism sectors

Answer 22

the tourism industry is labour intensive and creates a wide range of employment opportunities of varying skills in both the destination and generating regions such as transport accommodation and leisure activities

Question 23

describe formal and informal employment

Answer 23

formal:
fixed work hours, stable monthly wage, sign a written contract, contribute income tax

informal:
work irregular hours, have fluctuating wages, do not sign contracts, do not contribute income tax.

Question 24

give an example of employment opportunities in tourism sector

Answer 24

in 2019 tourism accounted for 330 million formal jobs worldwide representing 10% of the global workforce

Question 26

how does tourism generate income from tourists spending on consuner goods and services

Answer 26

tourism generates income for locals and government in tdr and tgr

tourists spend money on consumer goods and services offered by locals increasing the incomes for locals

taxes on tourism spending provides the government w considerable revenues used to invest in improving the standard of living

tourism can alleviate poverty as it can transfer wealth from wealthier to poorer regions

Question 27

how does tourism cause economic leakages

Answer 27

happens when revenue is generated by tourism in tdr is lost due to the economies if other countries

occurs when tourist businesses in tdr pay for imports of goods and services to support the tourism industry

this decreases the revenue from tourism decreasinf the income earned by locals from tourism

the government has lesser revenue to improve the standard of living

Question 28

give an example of a bad case of economic leakages

Answer 28

in developing countries, economic leakages may be so significant that it can wipe out economic benefits of tourism

Question 29

how does natural disasters cause a sudden fall in tourist numbers

Answer 29

significant damage to tourism infrastructure in tdr and tgr
ppl fearing for their safety might cancel or postpone their trips

Question 30

give an example of natural disasters leading to a decrease in tourist numbers

Answer 30

in 2017 parts of the Caribbean Islands were struck with succession of powerful hurricanes destroying 95% of buildings destroyed, a decrease in 1 mil tourist arrivals and a revenue loss of US $700mil

Question 31

how does unfavourable political situations lead to a drop in tourism numbers

Answer 31

riots and protests may start in a country causing the closure of hotels and tourist attractions

people fearing for their lives may postpone or cancel their trips

the government may choose to closee off affected areas or issue travel advisories to discourage travelling to ensure safety, decreasing tourism arrivals

Question 32

give an example of unfavourable political situations causing a decrease in tourist arrivals

Answer 32

in 2020 protests in thailand against military rule, several countries issued travel advisories to its citizens to dissuade them from visiting thailand for a period of time, decreasing tourist arrivals

Question 33

how does economic downturn decrease tourist arrivals

Answer 33

economies of countries are negatively affected

companies may attempt to cut costs
people may lose their jobs or experience pay cuts resulting in a decrease of disposable incomes

people may choose not to travel to limit spending

Question 34

give an example of how economic downturn leads to the decrease in tourist arrivals

Answer 34

the maldives which are very dependent on tourism, suffered a drop of 4% in tourism arrivals in 2009 due to global economic crisis

Question 35

how does the outbreak of diseases cause the decrease in tourism arrivals

Answer 35

people may postpone or cancel their trips for safety

governments may choose to close off affected areas or issue travel advisory to ensure safety decreasing number of tourists

Question 36

give an example of how the outbreak of diseases caused a decrease in tourist arrivals

Answer 36

the covid 19 pandemic infected over 205mil people and caused 4 million deaths

many countries went into “lockdown” causing international travel to shut down

in the first half of 2020: tourist arrivals globally decreased by more than 65%

Question 37

how does tourism preserve culture

Answer 37

tourists are keen to visit places with rich culture and heritage and want to learn more about cultural activities

tourism revenue provides an incentive to protect traditional cultural practices and art forms

planning authorities may also invest money to encourage such traditional practices enhancing preservation efforts building locals’ sense of belonging

this ensures the passing down of knowledge and cultural practices

Question 38

give an example of how tourism encourages cultural preservation

Answer 38

shadow puppetry in china is an ancient art form that is culturally important to local communities

viewers showed great interest leading to more innovations made to attract viewers, such as virtual reality, preserving art forms

Question 40

how does tourism enhance cultural ecosystem services

Answer 40

protecting the environment for tourist activities enhances cultural ecosystem services offered by nature, providing tourists and locals with aesthetic, educational, recreational and spiritual benefits

Question 41

how does tourism lead to commodification of cultural rituals and art forms

Answer 41

the demand for heritage tourism increased causing traditions to undergo commodification and decreases their cultural value

cultural rituals may be exaggerated, staged or condensed to fit the requests for tourists

art forms may be mass-produced for tourists

this may cause conflict among locals between those who support using their culture for tourism and those who fear losing the authenticity of their cultures

Question 42

give an example of how tourism leads to the commodification of culture

Answer 42

in Vancouver, Canada, totem poles are commodified and can be purchased as souvenirs causing them to be inauthentic pieces without collaboration with ancient tribes

this creates tension between locals that sell souvenirs for a living and those who feel their culture is being diluted

Question 43

how does tourism cause cultural clashes

Answer 43

tourists can be insensitive to local norms leading to negative sentiments against tourists

tourism may also result in negative impacts to the local communities and environments such as congestion and pollution, leading to positive attitudes towards tourists

locals may see tourism as a threat to their sense of identity and the cause for the increase in the cost of living

Question 44

give an example of how tourism caused cultural clashes

Answer 44

in Hawaii, USA, most locals did not want for it to be opened up to the public after the covid 19 lockdown

many tourists did not follow public safety guides such as mask wearing

tourists did not respect indegenious Hawaiian culture

Question 45

how does tourism lead to the rise in crimes

Answer 45

tourists carry large sums of money and are relaxed making them lucrative and easy targets for pickpockets

tourists may find themselves being targeted if the negative sentiments from locals build up

with the increasing crime rate tourists do not feel safe

Question 46

give an example of how tourism leads to the rise in crimes

Answer 46

a tourist bus in spain was attacked by anti-tourist protestors who punctured tyres and sprayed anti-tourism graffiti on the bus

Question 47

how does the nature of interaction between local communities and tourists influencing the impacts of tourism

Answer 47

the nature of interaction between locals and tourists mutually affect each other

the relationship between locals and tourists increases the likelihood of negative social impacts to occur and are therefore significantly felt by destination regions

BUT locals may also depend on tourism and would be disadvantaged if tourists stopped visiting

Question 48

how does tourism conserve natural environments of biodiversity

Answer 48

locals and the government in the destination region maintain a pristine environment to attract tourists to visit

tourism revenue generated in the destination region is used to fund the protection of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, protecting biodiversity

Question 49

how does the government in destination regions conserve environment

Answer 49

done through establishing protected areas or National Parks where development is restricted ensuring a habitats undisturbed

employing and training specialized staff to run these parks to care for these ecosystems

setting up environmental education programmes for tourists to encourage them to care for these ecosystems

Question 50

give an example of tourism conserving natural environments and preservation of biodiversity

Answer 50

entrance fee of US$100 charged to visitors entering Galapagos National Park in Ecuador, the revenue generated chanelled to the conservation and upkeep of the park

Question 51

how does tourism restore degraded aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

Answer 51

aquatic and terrestrial sites have potential to become tourist attracted providing motivation to restore degraded and terrestrial ecosystems, creating natural attractions

this is done by stopping and reversing degradation to these ecosystems such as reforestation

Question 51

give an example of tourism restoring degraded aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems

Answer 51

in Marritus and Seychelles, coral reefs negatively affected by overfishing, unsustainable fisihing methods and improper waste disposed

coral reefs are economically significant for locals livelihoods

regional project led by united nations development funds has been initiated to restore coral reef ecocystems

Question 52

how does tourism cause pollution

Answer 52

travelling by land sea or air requires a high amount of fossil fuels to be burned generating a large amount of greenhouse gases

services provided by tourism such as air-conditioned accommodation increases greenhouse gases and causes enhanced greenhouse gases

these greenhouse gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides causing respiratory illnesses

air pollution circulates over a large area of impact far from where it originated

Question 53

how does tourism generate a large amount of waste

Answer 53

tourists leave litter at places without proper waste disposal systems causing environmental degradation

Question 54

how does improper waste disposal generate a large amount of waste

Answer 54

places without proper waste disposal systems, tourists leave litter behind causing environmental degradation

Question 55

give an example of how does improper waste disposal generate a large amount of waste

Answer 55

Mount Everest climbers discard tents, food containers and human waste in the area

the chemicals from trash contaminates soil and groundwater causing land and water pollution

Question 56

how does inadequate sewage facilities generate a large amount of waste

Answer 56

many accommodations in the destination regions may not have the proper sewage systems such as water treatment facilities

sewage generated is not treated and may be improperly disposed off to the sea causing water pollution

Question 57

give an example of how inadequate sewage facilities generate a large amount of waste

Answer 57

in Boracay, Philippines, more than 200 businesses and accommodation are not connected to the sewage line

sewage is untreated and thrown into the sea causing degradation of water quality in the sea, threatening aquatic ecosystems

Question 58

how does tourism result in depletion of natural resources

Answer 58

tourism results in the overuse of natural resources causing depletion of natural resources and other negative impacts such as droughts

this harms people and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems

Question 59

give an example of how does tourism result in depletion of natural resources

Answer 59

bali’s tourism industry draws 3 mil litres of water per day
hotels and resorts take water from the public water supply system and a large amount of groundwater to meet the tourists’ demand

this causes rivers to dry up decreasing the water resource availability for locals and terrestrial and aquatic species

the limited supply of water increases water prices and agriculture is unprofitable, affecting local farmers’ livelihood

Question 60

how does tourism cause threats to wildlife habitats

Answer 60

construction of tourist facilities may interfere with the space of natural areas, destroying natural environments and threatening wildlife habitats

careless tourists may trample on plants or make too much noise which can disturb and frighten animals

Question 61

give an example of how tourism cause threats to wildlife habitats

Answer 61

in the Maldives, the government built large-scale facilities for accommodation, food and recreation for tourists threatening the coastal environment

rock and sand dumped into the sea during construction suffocating corals

in the long term, animals dependent on the coral reefs for food and shelter may lose their habitat and food source