Geography Book 2: Topic 1 - Tourism Activity Flashcards
What is a tourist?
A person who makes a trip outside his/her usual environment for leisure a personal purposes/business. The tip may be completed within a day or a few, requiring overnight stays at the destination
Define domestic tourism
Travel within own country
Define international tourism
Travel abroad rod to another country
What are the three interconnected tourism systems?
Tourist generating regions, tourist destination regions , transit route
What is a tourist generating region?
Region where tourists come from. Where people and businesses offer tourism products and experiences may be based.
What are tourist destination regions ?
Regions that attracts tourists. Attractions, amenities, facilities later needs of tourists located there. Experiences consequence of tourism development
What is a transit route?
The region or route a tourist travels to reach their destination. Links the tourist generating region to the tourist destination regions. Includes stopover points which might be used for convenience a attractions.
How does transit routes influence travel between regions?
Influences the volume Ana direction of travel
What happens when there are limited or inconvenient transit routes?
Volume of travel between regions might decrease
What happens when there are more convenient transit routes available?
The volume of travel might increase. Tourists may want to travel using the transit routes instead go directly to the TDR.
Give an example showing how fewer transit routes decreases the volume of travel between regions.
Some travelers may find the eight-hour direct flight from New Delhi to Singapore too tiring. There is a lack of direct flights that suit their schedules. Thus they choose to take shorter flights to Bangkok, Thailand then to Singapore.
What are the push factors at the tourist generating regions?
Stressful work environment. Unpleasant living environment caused by pollution and overcrowding. Lack of recreational activities.
What are the pull factors at the tourist destination regions?
Places of scenic beauty, special events such as concerts and festivals and attractions, facilities and amenities that provide positive experiences.
How are tourists, businesses, and organizations in the tourist destination and generating regions mutually dependent on each other
Tourists require the services of your operators in the TDR to plan trips. These tour operators depend on hotels in the TDR to plan accommodation for tourists. These hotels depend on tour guides to direct tourists to hotels to earn profits.
Give an example of a negative tourist interaction with the environment, communities and economies.
Tourists visit nature parks and irresponsibly leave behind waste leads to environmental degradation.
Give an example of a positive tourist interaction with the environment, communities and economies.
Tourists pay villagers to teach the ways of traditional pottery generate revenue for villagers contribute to the local economy and help preserve local traditions.
Give an example of how tourism activists may impact the environment behind tourism destination.
8% of greenhouse gas emissions are from the tourism industry which contributes to climate change and its impacts on the environment.
How do changes in nature, communities, and economies within the environment impact the tourism industry?
Events occurring in the TGR may affect the desire to travel among potential tourists affecting a number of tourists traveling through transit routes and arriving at TDR and vice versa.
What happens when there is an economic downturn in TGR?
There will be less demand for travel resulting in lesser amount of tourists passing through transit routes. This reduces the income in the TDR and transit routes. However, there is lesser environmental damage in the TGR.
To recover from the economic downturn in TGR, the TDR develops new attractions. What happens when this happens?
Returning tourists share the positive experiences at attractions which results in an increase in motivation to travel to TDR and in an increase in the number of travellers. There is also an increase in income generated at both transit routes and TDR.
What are the three reasons that lead to the growth of tourism?
Motivation to travel, ability to travel and mobility in travel.
What is motivation to travel?
A set of needs that can be satisfied through travel created by a combination of push and pull factors.
What are the three factors of motivation to travel
Need for relaxation, the need to discover unique travel experiences, and the need to achieve personal growth and fulfillment.
How does globalization increase the motivation to travel?
As people now have greater access to media sources they are more aware of different travel opportunities.
What causes the need for relaxation?
Increasing pressures of work and hectic lifestyles cause people to want to travel to rest and rejuvenate.
What are the two ways to relax
Going to nature to escape the environment and enjoy scenic views. Recreational activities Such as going to theme parks to escape from stress and worries are a different routine from people’s daily lives.
What is the need for personal growth while travelling?
Travel allows people to develop themselves further by learning something new or improving their skills as people can choose destinations where they can do so.
Why do people choose to participate in challenging activities such As skydiving?
To fulfill their potential by doing so, they feel that they are being stretched physically and emotionally which fulfills personal growth.
Why do people discover unique travel experiences?
Gain unique experiences to satisfy curiosity about the world. Traveling also allows them to explore different environments and cultures that are unknown, such as places and activities that are uncommon.
Give an example of the need to discover unique travel experiences.
Tourism numbers in Antarctica have increased significantly in the last two decades.
Why are there varying motivations to travel?
Tourists aim to fulfill different needs at the TDR not just one. Tourists participate in different activities to cater to their different motivations.
Give an example of varying motivations To travel.
Scuba diving in Bali can fulfill a tourist’s need for relaxation and need to Discover unique Travel experiences.
What is the ability to travel?
Conditions that allow an individual to make trips.
What are the five factors of ability to travel?
Increase in disposable incomes, increase in leisure time, business innovations in the tourism industry, and lower transport and accommodation costs.
What causes The increase in disposable incomes?
Rise of the middle class that can afford to travel.
What is leisure time?
Refers to the time when people are free from work.
Comes in the form of increased paid leave, more public holidays, and shorter working weeks which results in more time to travel. The paid leave can finance their travel.
Give an example of an increase in leisure time.
In 2015, the Chinese government encouraged employees to give workers half a day of paid leave on Fridays during the summer months to boost domestic tourism.
Explain The business innovations In the tourism industry.
Business innovations provide value for money experiences. Businesses are offering more affordable travel options increasing tourism demand. Tour operators are increasingly replaced with websites and apps that provide personalized and value-for-money traveling.
Give an example of business innovations in tourism industry.
Websites such as Expedia and Trivago have search engines specifically for travelers to compare trip reviews and prices, and book trips on their website. They provide promotional prices for transport and accommodation.
Why are there lower transport costs nowadays?
Air transport has become increasingly affordable as budget airlines offer air tickets at low prices lowering transport costs. Budget airlines use fuel-efficient planes lowering fuel costs.
Give an example of a service offering lower transport costs.
Budget airlines such as AirAsia offer lower prices and have become increasingly popular for travel within Southeast Asia.
Why has travel become more affordable?
A variety of accommodation and business innovations cater to a range of different budgets.
What is the mobility in travel?
Ability to move around easily and conveniently to tourist destinations.
What are the three factors playing a part in mobility in travel?
Expansion of public transport network, increase in private car ownership, and introduction to new modes of travel.
Explain the expansion of public transport services and infrastructure.
More countries are constructing transport infrastructure such as roads, railways, and airports. This increases the connectivity within different places and tourists can travel to more places in less time. Countries have also expanded public transport service networks by increasing the number of public bus and train routes. This causes traveling within the region to be more convenient causing tourism growth.
Give an example of the expansion of public transport services and infrastructure.
The opening of Changi Airport Terminal 4 means that there can be more flights from other parts of Asia to Singapore making travel more convenient.
Explain the introduction of new modes of travel
The rapid development of transport technology has resulted in new modes of travel which results in tourists traveling faster and further via land, sea, and air. Connected air travel boosts tourism.
Why is there an increase in private car ownership?
Families can travel comfortably and conveniently in their own vehicles to nearby attractions for leisure. They have more freedom in the number of destinations to visit and how much time to spend there. This also increases domestic tourism.
Give an example of An increase of private Car ownership
The 1950s, private car ownership in the US increased. This increased the number of domestic tourists and hotel and motel businesses expanded quickly.
State the siz stages of tourism development
Exploration
Involvement
Development
Consolidation
Stagnation
Decline / rejuvenation
Explain the exploration stage
A small number of adventurous tourists travel there individually and irregularly. There are minimal contributions to the local economy. There are natural attractions offering scenic views and an unspoilt natural environment. There are cultural attractions with historical value but lack tourism facilities.
Give an example of a place in the exploration stage
Jaco Island in Timor Leste. There are few visitors as it is an inaccessible location and there is a lack of tourism facilities. There, lies the only national park in Timor Leste with attractive beaches.
Explain the involvement stage
There is an increase in publicity of the destination which increases tourist arrivals. Visits vary at different times of the year and thus peak and no-peak tourist seasons develop. Contributions to the local economy begin to grow. There is an increase in goods, services, and facilities to cater to tourists provided, requested and maintained by local authorities.
Explain the development stage
Tourist arrivals increase rapidly. The tourism sector employs a significant amount of workers contributing significantly to the local economy. There is a faster pace in the development of attractions, infrastructure, amenities, and tourist facilities. There is heavy advertising of destinations and an increase in large and medium businesses that provide goods and services.
Explain the consolidation stage
Tourist arrivals outnumber the local population but the growth slows down. The tourism industry plays a big part in the local economy. There is a reduction of speed in the number of attractions and facilities built. These facilities and amenities are owned by large multinational companies.
Give an example of a place in the consolidation stage.
Goa in India
The tourism sector employs a significant amount of the local population. In 2019, foreign tourists - 7 million - outnumbered the locals - 1.5 million. Many large multinational companies such as Marriott International owned hotels such as W Goa.
Explain the stagnation stage
Tourist numbers peaked then declined. As tourist arrivals are more than the destination’s carrying capacity, it leads to negative consequences such as pollution and littering. Tourist contributions stagnate. The destination may no longer be attractive as it is old and run down and tourists feel that the destination has no new experiences to offer.
Give an example of a place in stagnation stage
Hawaii, USA from the 1990s to 2000s
Tourism arrivals and expenditures began to decline in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Waikiki, a major tourism spot became crowded and the facilities and attractions became old and run down.
Explain the decline stage
Tourist arrivals decline significantly if no steps are taken to revive the destination. Tourists will seek new and exciting destinations. Tourist contributions significantly decline. Local businesses will be affected and closed down. Less money is available to maintain the facilities leading to the deterioration.
Give an example of a place in the decline stage
Blackpool, UK (1990s)
Used to be a popular coastal tourist destination that lost its attractiveness due to stiff competition with other European coastal destinations. Many old inns deteriorated and thus shut down.
Explain the rejuvenation stage
Destination becomes more attractive because of new investments to develop attractions and facilities. There is also a rebranding of destinations which leads to an increase in tourist arrivals. Tourists’ contributions increase again. There are new facilities, amenities, infrastructure, and attractions developed, and the destination increases in attractiveness.
Give an example of a place in the rejuvenation stage
Blackpool, UK (present)
Local authorities invested 300 million to build Blackpool Central a world-class development. It was also rebranded as Muslim and disabled-friendly.
what are the two types of tourists?
venturers and dependable
what are dependables
individuals who try to make so much of their daily lives predictable
what are characteristics of dependables?
- more cautious about spending money
- guided by local authorities in making travel decisions
- prefer structure and nature
- travel in groups as it feels more comfortable and secure
- more likely to return to the same place again
- prefer mass tourism as it is predictable and nature of activities
what are venturers?
individuals who reach out and explore the world
what are the characteristics of venturers
guided by their personal judgement rather than authority figures
spend more money readily
- travel alone
- explore less-developed and unique places where they can participate in new experiences that may be less convenient -> and often set trends for others
- more likely to visit new places each time they travel
- prefer to make their own travel plans and opt for niche tourism
why does a tourists’ personality characteristics influence travel preferences and patterns?
features of a tourist destination may appeal more to specific personality characteristics
tourist activities that cater to the preferences of certain personality characteristics may only be found in certain destinations
example of personality characteristics of tourists determining travel preferences and patterns
Mongolia mostly attracts venturer type of tourists as it has lesser tourism facilities and is underdeveloped
why do personality characteristics influence the development of tourist destinations?
influences the way a tourist attraction evolves over time and a destination may be more appealing to certain personality characteristics
tourist destinations are dynamic and constantly changing. the features change causing the type of tourists attracted to change.
Venturer type tourists often set travel trends and influence for the dependable type thus the destination may eventually lean from a venturer type to a dependable type one
why do personality characteristics influence the development of tourist destinations?
planners and stakeholders can develop tourist destinations in a way that attracts certain personality characteristics to
done to attract more dependables as there are more facilities and amenities that offer convenience developed
example of planners and stakeholders developing tourist destinations that attract certain personality characteristics
Costa Rica mainly used to attract mainly venturer types. as it evolved over time, it began attracting more dependables and thus lost appeal to venturers.
To remain profitable the tourist authorities advised to protect the nature environment and promote adventurous tourist activities to attract venturers
by recognizing the personality characteristics of tourisys, planning authorities can decide how to prmote and develop Costa Rica as a tourist destination
