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Year 13 > GEO Infantry Paper 1 > Flashcards

GEO Infantry Paper 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Haiti Earthquake 2010 CS background info?

A 
January 2010
Magnitude 7 richter scale
epicentre 25km from Port au-Prince 
conservative plate boundary 
ranked 170th out of 189 in UN development
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2
Q

Haiti Earthquake 2010 CS impacts?

A

+200,000 deaths
1.3M made homeless

8bn USD in damage

Dominican Republic opened borders sent water
UN sent troops
10,000 dead after cholera outbreak

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3
Q

Japan 2011 earthquake -> tsunami background info?

A

March 2011
magnitude 9 richter scale
Pacific plate boundary sub-ducted under Honshus underlying plate
developed country - 40,000USD GDPPC

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4
Q

Japan 2011 earthquake -> tsunami impacts?

A

16,000 killed
300bn USD in damage
Fukushima N power plant damaged 200,000 evacuated

within 30mins military helicopters already operating
Army guaranteed supplies for affected areas

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5
Q

Factors affecting vulnerability & resilience?

A

Education

Housing

Healthcare

Income opportunities

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6
Q

Building designs for earthquake proof?

A

ROLLERS: base isolation bearings

COUNTERBALANCE WEIGHTS

RUBBERISED FOUNDATIONS

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7
Q

Modifying vulnerability and resilience to natural disaster?

4

A
  • Hi-tech monitoring
  • Predictions forecasting & warnings
  • Education
  • Community Preparedness
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8
Q

Earthquake prediction methods?

A

rising levels of RADON can suggest incoming earthquakes

magnetic field changes

animal behaviour

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9
Q

Volcanic eruption prediction methods?

A

rising heat can be measured as infrared radiation by satellites

changes in water pressure

increased gas emissions

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10
Q

How are waves formed?

A

wind blows body of water => causes friction with top => orbital motion => friction dragging on ocean floor => bottom part looses energy => top goes faster than bottom => top part tilts & breaks

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11
Q

Hydraulic action?

A

motion of water gets into cracks => trapping air => causing pressure

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12
Q

abrasion?

A

when rocks grind along a rock platform

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13
Q

corrosion?

A

chemicals in the water erode the rock

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14
Q

attrition?

A

rocks carried by water frequently collide eroding each other

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15
Q

Wave refraction?

A

at headland topography more shallow => causes wave fronts to slow & bend to break parallel

energy concentrated at headland

lower energy in bays as energy is more spread out

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16
Q

Traction?

A

relatively large & heavy rocks are rolled along seabed

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17
Q

saltation?

A

smoother & lighter rocks bounce along seabed

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18
Q

suspension?

A

lighter sediment carried

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19
Q

solution?

A

dissolved sediment carried

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20
Q

what is longshore drift?

A

When waves wash back sediment at 90 degrees. is carried straight back down beach face. Individual particles are moved along the beach in a zig zag pattern.

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21
Q

dynamic equilibrium coasts?

A

if inputs & out puts are the same

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22
Q

mechanical weathering process?

A

freeze-thaw action

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23
Q

chemical weathering process?

A

carbonation: Carbonation is the mixing of water with carbon dioxide to make carbonic acid.

oxidation

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24
Q

Biological weathering process?

A

plant roots, seaweed acids

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25
Q

Types of mass movement?

A

Topple

Translational

Rotational landslide (slumping)

Flows (eg. mudflows & solifluction)
=> frozen soil melts in summer & leads to flow common in tundra areas

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26
Q

What is eustatic change?

A

when the sea level changes due to an alteration in the volume of water in the oceans

global phenomenon

eg. global warming => thermosteric sea level rise

or change in ocean bed

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27
Q

isostatic change?

A

When the height of the land increases, the sea level falls and when the height of the land decreases the sea level rises.

local phenomenon

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28
Q

Kiribati CS?

A

sea level change affects the 33 islands that make Kiribati

pop of 115,000
100% live less than 1km from coast
some places sea level rise of 1.2cm a year (x4 world average)

‘environmental refugees’

govt. bought 20km squared of Fijian islands

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29
Q

Flooding cyclone Sidr Bangladesh 2007 CS?

facts

A

15,000 deaths
1.6M homes destroyed

1.7bn USD in damage
3000km of roads destroyed

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30
Q

Meteorological drought how El Niño caused drought affecting Philippines?

A

325M USD worth of total damage & production losses in crops

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31
Q

Famine caused by drought?

A

eastern Uganda

a region severely affected by drought

most families only have one meal a day

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32
Q

What conditions and processes normally create rainfall in Brazil?

A

Convection rainfall, with air moving West, hitting Andes, and going South. Maintains moisture in region

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33
Q

How over-abstraction of surface water and groundwater contributed to Brazil’s tropical drought in 2014-15

A

Over-abstraction of surface-water resources

Over-abstraction of groundwater resources

License to well = too expensive so => Illegal wells constituted approximately 70% of wells

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34
Q

Causes of drought in Sahel?

A

From year to year there is huge variability due to Sea Surface Temperatures, which cause uplift and weakens the monsoon.

Overgrazing causes increased degradation, making the soil less productive

Deforestation for fuel wood removed nutrients from the area and decrease the permanence of water as they do not provide shade

Rural poverty people not being able to afford other methods to get water

population doubles every 30 years => hydrological system can’t uphold this rate

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35
Q

Importance of amazon rainforest?

A

400bn trees absorb a lot of co2

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36
Q

Example of flash flood?

A

Big Thompson Canyon in Colorado 1976

144 deaths

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37
Q

Storm Desmond?

A

UK 2015

5,200 homes destroyed
61,000 homes lost power

38
Q

Human factors responsible for flooding?

A

Flood mismanagement

Cumbia, UK

Levees

Channel Straightening

Dredging (failing to)

Urbanisation

Impermebale surfaces

drainage system

Changign land use

Sheep farming

Humans: Increasing due to urbanisation, population growth & development

Both: for humans mismanagement, the threat already existed.

Not mostly: Rain causes the surplus in the hydrological cycle

39
Q

Physical factors responsible for flooding?

A

Weather & climate

Monsoon rainfall

Intense rainfall → Flash flooding UK Sep 2016

Prolonged rainfall → groundwater flood - Storm Desmond 2015

Snowmelt

40
Q

Why do the impacts of floods vary between countries at different levels of development?

A
  • Developed countries can afford better river management so more likely to contain the flood
  • Access to resources after the flood, can not buy/don’t have treatment of mitigating
  • On developing countries overall impacts are more severe because they don’t have financial resources to buy flood defenses
  • More reliant on large sources of water for industry (e.g. farming) so economically more affected in some cases
  • In developed countries infrastructure is less likely to be damaged
  • Developing countries suffer less economic losses because infrastructure is much cheaper
  • Developing countries will be more affected by secondary impacts (e.g. spread of disease) is more because of lower quality healthcare + emergency response
  • Developing countries have a great reliance on land (e.g. farming), potential for famine or long term economic losses
41
Q

what is the biological pump?

A

carbon sequestered through photosynthesis via phytoplankton

42
Q

what is thermocline circulation?

A

the global system of surface and deep ocean currents driven by temperature and salinity differences between different parts of the ocean.

43
Q

Terrestrial sequestration: plants and soil?

A

photosynthesis

plant respiration

decomposition

44
Q

why energy consumption varies between countries?

A
  • ECONOMIC DEVELPMENT. High levels of development tend to have higher levels of energy consumption
  • TECHNOLOGY/INDUSTRY tends to require high amounts of energy so industrialised countries require
  • AVAILABILITY may also affect it. If there is not enough energy then the consumption which be much lower. Infrastructure also affects resources.
  • COST also affects the energy consumption. As if it is expensive then people will use less of it to optimize costs
45
Q

Cities consume … of the world’s energy?

A

75%

46
Q

energy consumption over time?

A

Energy consumption has increased dramatically over the last 100 years due to POPULATION GROWTH, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT and STANDARDS OF LIVING.

47
Q

UK energy use?

A

The UK’s use of FF is falling, there are plans to close all traditional coal fired power stations by 2025.

48
Q

How much does UK import energy?

A

60% energy is imported

49
Q

Cuspate foreland?

A

triangular shape headland

extends out into main coast

FORMED in drift aligned beach - sediment comes from opposite directions & is deposited where it meets

when vegetation grows protects landform & coastline from erosion

eg. Dungeness - Kent

50
Q

Iceland 2010 volcanic eruption CS?

A

2010
A 500 metre fissure opened up.
Air operators lost millions of pounds each day.
100,000 flights cancelled

51
Q

La Palma 2021 CS?

A

Canary Islands
2,900 properties destroyed
1bn USD in damage & cost
7,000 people evacuated

52
Q

Lorca earthquake 2011 CS?

A

magnitude 5

9 dead & 400 injured

53
Q

Sichuan, China 2008 earthquake CS?

A

87,000 killed
150bn USD in damage
magnitude 8
Liquification in Wenchuan region resulted in 80% buildings collapsing

+55,000 troops deployed
US sent 2 C-17 planes carrying medical aid

54
Q

New Zealand 2011 Earthquake background?

A

6.1 on richter scale
6km form nearest urban area
plate boundary Pacific & Australian plates

55
Q

New Zealand 2011 Earthquake impacts?

A

181 dead
1,500 injured
8bn USD damage & cost
homes no longer built in seismically dangerous areas

56
Q

The Biological Carbon Cycle: Oceanic sequestration

Biological pump?

A

carbon sequestered through photosynthesis via phytoplankton

57
Q

The Biological Carbon Cycle: Oceanic sequestration

physical pump?

A

carbon compounds moved via downwelling & upwelling currents

58
Q

The Biological Carbon Cycle: Oceanic sequestration

carbonate pump?

A

formation of sediments from dead organisms => sink=> end up in ocean currents

59
Q

explain why energy consumption varies between countries?

5

A
  1. economic development
  2. technology/industry
  3. availability
  4. cost
  5. environmental policies
60
Q

Consumption of energy in urban areas?

A
  • over 1/2 world pop now lives in urban areas
  • Cities consume 75% of the world’s energy
  • Produce 80% of its greenhouse gas emissions
61
Q

solar panels Peru?

A

thanks to a national programme, solar-panel installation, electricity made available to 500,000 people in remote villages across Peru 2006-2015.

62
Q

Conventional fossil fuels:

A

oil, gas, coal

63
Q

non-conventional fossil fuels:

A

oil shale
tar sands
shale gas
deep water oil

64
Q

Renewable:

A

Wind, geothermal, HEP, biomass, solar

65
Q

Recyclable:

A

nuclear, biomass

66
Q

Factors that affect energy security?

A
  1. physical factors: geology & climate
  2. environmental factors: international agreements & govt. policies
  3. economic factors: renewables investment, import etc.
  4. geopolitical reasons
67
Q

name Energy Players?

A
  1. governments
  2. consumers
  3. genertors/distributors
  4. environmentalist
  5. scientists (research into new alternatives)
  6. Energy TNCs
68
Q

OPEC?

A

14 member countries
have 77% global ‘proven’ oil reserves

weaker than it was in previous decades because some significant oil producers have decided not to join (including Russia, Norway, Mexico and the USA)

69
Q

Energy state owned companies eg?

A

Gazprom, Saudi Aramco, Coal India Ltd

70
Q

UK energy CS?

A

Although UK has 150 years’ worth of coal reserves, it is energy insecure; 60% of its energy is imported.

committed to abandoning FF

Solar power is also growing rapidly — up by 86% between 2014 and 2015

71
Q

How spits formed?

A

spit is an extended stretch of beach material that projects out to sea & is joined to mainland at one end. Spits are formed where the prevailing wind blows at an angle to the coastline, resulting in longshore drift. An example of a spit is Spurn Head, found along the Holderness coast in Humberside.

72
Q

DART?

A

sea bed censors & surface buoys to monitor changes in sea level & pressure

satellite connections warn warning stations when changes occur

Now in place in Indian & Pacific Ocean

73
Q

Norway energy mix?

A

Vast oil reserves

90% electricity produced by HEP

74
Q

the Indus provides how much of the water of Pakistan?

A

80% of all water consumed in Pakistan

75
Q

what is a river regime?

A

The annual variability of a river’s discharge.

76
Q

case study example cloud seeding?

A

Beijing 2008 before the Olympics

77
Q

How do humans disrupt the drainage basin cycle?

A

deforestation
urbanisation
water storage reservoirs
cloud seeding

78
Q

% of drinking water in China that is groundwater?

A

70%

79
Q

Explain the factors that affect the strength of waves?

A

wind speed

morphology (bays/headlands)

seabed gradient

80
Q

constructive waves?

A

Long wavelength + Low amplitude

When they break on a beach:
They have a strong swash
A weak backwash.

81
Q

destructive waves?

A

Short period +Short wavelength + High amplitude

form during storms

They have a weak swash & A powerful backwash.

82
Q

wave refraction?

A

Occurs when the undersea topography causes the wave fronts to slow, bend and aim to break parallel to shore

Leads to energy being concentrated on the headland (hence more erosion)

Leads to lower energy in bays (hence deposition)

83
Q

what is a sediment cell?

A

A cell can be defined as: A length of coastline and its associated nearshore area where the movement of coarse sediment is largely self-contained.

84
Q

Tombolo?

A

A sand or shingle bar that attaches the coastline to an offshore island. Tombolos form due to wave refraction around an offshore island which creates an area of calm water and deposition between the island and the coast.

Examples: St Ninian’s tombolo, Shetland

85
Q

Bars?

A

A sand or shingle beach connecting two areas of land with a shallow water lagoon behind. These features occur when a spit grows so long that it extends across a bay, closing it off.

Examples: Chesil Beach, Dorset

86
Q

Submerging Coastlines: Rias?

A

Sheltered winding inlets with irregular shorelines. Formed when valleys are flooded.

Common in SW of England

Provides a natural harbour

87
Q

Submerging Coastlines: Dalmatian Coastlines?

A

rivers flow parallel to the coast.

Croatia

88
Q

Submerging Coastlines: Fjords?

A
  • Deep glacial troughs are flooded by a rise in sea level.

V-shaped valley

Very deep inland, shallower in the coast

Common in Norway, New Zealand and Chile.

89
Q

Submerging Coastlines: Fjärds?

A

Fjärds fill with eroded local materials which assists “filling” along with rising sea level since the last ice age contributing as well.

90
Q

Coastal flooding is a significant and increasing risk for some coastlines. CS?

A

Bangladesh- Cyclone Sidr + By 2100 16% of Bangladesh will be inundated because of sea level rise

Kiribati

91
Q

Netherlands coastal flooding CS?

A

after 1953 flood in which 1000 people killed & 26% of Netherlands flooded= Delta Programme was set up

25 years of construction & 5bn EUR

Year 13 (5 decks)

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