GEO Infantry Paper 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Haiti Earthquake 2010 CS background info?
A
January 2010 Magnitude 7 richter scale epicentre 25km from Port au-Prince conservative plate boundary ranked 170th out of 189 in UN development
2
Q
Haiti Earthquake 2010 CS impacts?
A
+200,000 deaths
1.3M made homeless
8bn USD in damage
Dominican Republic opened borders sent water
UN sent troops
10,000 dead after cholera outbreak
3
Q
Japan 2011 earthquake -> tsunami background info?
A
March 2011
magnitude 9 richter scale
Pacific plate boundary sub-ducted under Honshus underlying plate
developed country - 40,000USD GDPPC
4
Q
Japan 2011 earthquake -> tsunami impacts?
A
16,000 killed
300bn USD in damage
Fukushima N power plant damaged 200,000 evacuated
within 30mins military helicopters already operating
Army guaranteed supplies for affected areas
5
Q
Factors affecting vulnerability & resilience?
A
Education
Housing
Healthcare
Income opportunities
6
Q
Building designs for earthquake proof?
A
ROLLERS: base isolation bearings
COUNTERBALANCE WEIGHTS
RUBBERISED FOUNDATIONS
7
Q
Modifying vulnerability and resilience to natural disaster?
4
A
- Hi-tech monitoring
- Predictions forecasting & warnings
- Education
- Community Preparedness
8
Q
Earthquake prediction methods?
A
rising levels of RADON can suggest incoming earthquakes
magnetic field changes
animal behaviour
9
Q
Volcanic eruption prediction methods?
A
rising heat can be measured as infrared radiation by satellites
changes in water pressure
increased gas emissions
10
Q
How are waves formed?
A
wind blows body of water => causes friction with top => orbital motion => friction dragging on ocean floor => bottom part looses energy => top goes faster than bottom => top part tilts & breaks
11
Q
Hydraulic action?
A
motion of water gets into cracks => trapping air => causing pressure
12
Q
abrasion?
A
when rocks grind along a rock platform
13
Q
corrosion?
A
chemicals in the water erode the rock
14
Q
attrition?
A
rocks carried by water frequently collide eroding each other
15
Q
Wave refraction?
A
at headland topography more shallow => causes wave fronts to slow & bend to break parallel
energy concentrated at headland
lower energy in bays as energy is more spread out
16
Q
Traction?
A
relatively large & heavy rocks are rolled along seabed
17
Q
saltation?
A
smoother & lighter rocks bounce along seabed
18
Q
suspension?
A
lighter sediment carried
19
Q
solution?
A
dissolved sediment carried
20
Q
what is longshore drift?
A
When waves wash back sediment at 90 degrees. is carried straight back down beach face. Individual particles are moved along the beach in a zig zag pattern.
21
Q
dynamic equilibrium coasts?
A
if inputs & out puts are the same
22
Q
mechanical weathering process?
A
freeze-thaw action
23
Q
chemical weathering process?
A
carbonation: Carbonation is the mixing of water with carbon dioxide to make carbonic acid.
oxidation
24
Q
Biological weathering process?
A
plant roots, seaweed acids
25
Types of mass movement?
Topple
Translational
Rotational landslide (slumping)
Flows (eg. mudflows & solifluction)
=> frozen soil melts in summer & leads to flow common in tundra areas
26
What is eustatic change?
when the sea level changes due to an alteration in the volume of water in the oceans
global phenomenon
eg. global warming => thermosteric sea level rise
or change in ocean bed
27
isostatic change?
When the height of the land increases, the sea level falls and when the height of the land decreases the sea level rises.
local phenomenon
28
Kiribati CS?
sea level change affects the 33 islands that make Kiribati
pop of 115,000
100% live less than 1km from coast
some places sea level rise of 1.2cm a year (x4 world average)
'environmental refugees'
govt. bought 20km squared of Fijian islands
29
Flooding cyclone Sidr Bangladesh 2007 CS?
facts
15,000 deaths
1.6M homes destroyed
1.7bn USD in damage
3000km of roads destroyed
30
Meteorological drought how El Niño caused drought affecting Philippines?
325M USD worth of total damage & production losses in crops
31
Famine caused by drought?
eastern Uganda
a region severely affected by drought
most families only have one meal a day
32
What conditions and processes normally create rainfall in Brazil?
Convection rainfall, with air moving West, hitting Andes, and going South. Maintains moisture in region
33
How over-abstraction of surface water and groundwater contributed to Brazil’s tropical drought in 2014-15
Over-abstraction of surface-water resources
Over-abstraction of groundwater resources
License to well = too expensive so => Illegal wells constituted approximately 70% of wells
34
Causes of drought in Sahel?
From year to year there is huge variability due to Sea Surface Temperatures, which cause uplift and weakens the monsoon.
Overgrazing causes increased degradation, making the soil less productive
Deforestation for fuel wood removed nutrients from the area and decrease the permanence of water as they do not provide shade
Rural poverty people not being able to afford other methods to get water
population doubles every 30 years => hydrological system can't uphold this rate
35
Importance of amazon rainforest?
400bn trees absorb a lot of co2
36
Example of flash flood?
Big Thompson Canyon in Colorado 1976
144 deaths
37
Storm Desmond?
UK 2015
5,200 homes destroyed
61,000 homes lost power
38
Human factors responsible for flooding?
Flood mismanagement
Cumbia, UK
Levees
Channel Straightening
Dredging (failing to)
Urbanisation
Impermebale surfaces
drainage system
Changign land use
Sheep farming
Humans: Increasing due to urbanisation, population growth & development
Both: for humans mismanagement, the threat already existed.
Not mostly: Rain causes the surplus in the hydrological cycle
39
Physical factors responsible for flooding?
Weather & climate
Monsoon rainfall
Intense rainfall → Flash flooding UK Sep 2016
Prolonged rainfall → groundwater flood - Storm Desmond 2015
Snowmelt
40
Why do the impacts of floods vary between countries at different levels of development?
- Developed countries can afford better river management so more likely to contain the flood
- Access to resources after the flood, can not buy/don’t have treatment of mitigating
- On developing countries overall impacts are more severe because they don’t have financial resources to buy flood defenses
- More reliant on large sources of water for industry (e.g. farming) so economically more affected in some cases
- In developed countries infrastructure is less likely to be damaged
- Developing countries suffer less economic losses because infrastructure is much cheaper
- Developing countries will be more affected by secondary impacts (e.g. spread of disease) is more because of lower quality healthcare + emergency response
- Developing countries have a great reliance on land (e.g. farming), potential for famine or long term economic losses
41
what is the biological pump?
carbon sequestered through photosynthesis via phytoplankton
42
what is thermocline circulation?
the global system of surface and deep ocean currents driven by temperature and salinity differences between different parts of the ocean.
43
Terrestrial sequestration: plants and soil?
photosynthesis
plant respiration
decomposition
44
why energy consumption varies between countries?
- ECONOMIC DEVELPMENT. High levels of development tend to have higher levels of energy consumption
- TECHNOLOGY/INDUSTRY tends to require high amounts of energy so industrialised countries require
- AVAILABILITY may also affect it. If there is not enough energy then the consumption which be much lower. Infrastructure also affects resources.
- COST also affects the energy consumption. As if it is expensive then people will use less of it to optimize costs
45
Cities consume ... of the world’s energy?
75%
46
energy consumption over time?
Energy consumption has increased dramatically over the last 100 years due to POPULATION GROWTH, ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT and STANDARDS OF LIVING.
47
UK energy use?
The UK's use of FF is falling, there are plans to close all traditional coal fired power stations by 2025.
48
How much does UK import energy?
60% energy is imported
49
Cuspate foreland?
triangular shape headland
extends out into main coast
FORMED in drift aligned beach - sediment comes from opposite directions & is deposited where it meets
when vegetation grows protects landform & coastline from erosion
eg. Dungeness - Kent
50
Iceland 2010 volcanic eruption CS?
2010
A 500 metre fissure opened up.
Air operators lost millions of pounds each day.
100,000 flights cancelled
51
La Palma 2021 CS?
Canary Islands
2,900 properties destroyed
1bn USD in damage & cost
7,000 people evacuated
52
Lorca earthquake 2011 CS?
magnitude 5
| 9 dead & 400 injured
53
Sichuan, China 2008 earthquake CS?
87,000 killed
150bn USD in damage
magnitude 8
Liquification in Wenchuan region resulted in 80% buildings collapsing
+55,000 troops deployed
US sent 2 C-17 planes carrying medical aid
54
New Zealand 2011 Earthquake background?
6.1 on richter scale
6km form nearest urban area
plate boundary Pacific & Australian plates
55
New Zealand 2011 Earthquake impacts?
181 dead
1,500 injured
8bn USD damage & cost
homes no longer built in seismically dangerous areas
56
The Biological Carbon Cycle: Oceanic sequestration
| Biological pump?
carbon sequestered through photosynthesis via phytoplankton
57
The Biological Carbon Cycle: Oceanic sequestration
| physical pump?
carbon compounds moved via downwelling & upwelling currents
58
The Biological Carbon Cycle: Oceanic sequestration
carbonate pump?
formation of sediments from dead organisms => sink=> end up in ocean currents
59
explain why energy consumption varies between countries?
5
1. economic development
2. technology/industry
3. availability
4. cost
5. environmental policies
60
Consumption of energy in urban areas?
- over 1/2 world pop now lives in urban areas
- Cities consume 75% of the world’s energy
- Produce 80% of its greenhouse gas emissions
61
solar panels Peru?
thanks to a national programme, solar-panel installation, electricity made available to 500,000 people in remote villages across Peru 2006-2015.
62
Conventional fossil fuels:
oil, gas, coal
63
non-conventional fossil fuels:
oil shale
tar sands
shale gas
deep water oil
64
Renewable:
Wind, geothermal, HEP, biomass, solar
65
Recyclable:
nuclear, biomass
66
Factors that affect energy security?
1. physical factors: geology & climate
2. environmental factors: international agreements & govt. policies
3. economic factors: renewables investment, import etc.
4. geopolitical reasons
67
name Energy Players?
1. governments
2. consumers
3. genertors/distributors
4. environmentalist
5. scientists (research into new alternatives)
6. Energy TNCs
68
OPEC?
14 member countries
have 77% global 'proven' oil reserves
weaker than it was in previous decades because some significant oil producers have decided not to join (including Russia, Norway, Mexico and the USA)
69
Energy state owned companies eg?
Gazprom, Saudi Aramco, Coal India Ltd
70
UK energy CS?
Although UK has 150 years’ worth of coal reserves, it is energy insecure; 60% of its energy is imported.
committed to abandoning FF
Solar power is also growing rapidly — up by 86% between 2014 and 2015
71
How spits formed?
spit is an extended stretch of beach material that projects out to sea & is joined to mainland at one end. Spits are formed where the prevailing wind blows at an angle to the coastline, resulting in longshore drift. An example of a spit is Spurn Head, found along the Holderness coast in Humberside.
72
DART?
sea bed censors & surface buoys to monitor changes in sea level & pressure
satellite connections warn warning stations when changes occur
Now in place in Indian & Pacific Ocean
73
Norway energy mix?
Vast oil reserves
90% electricity produced by HEP
74
the Indus provides how much of the water of Pakistan?
80% of all water consumed in Pakistan
75
what is a river regime?
The annual variability of a river’s discharge.
76
case study example cloud seeding?
Beijing 2008 before the Olympics
77
How do humans disrupt the drainage basin cycle?
deforestation
urbanisation
water storage reservoirs
cloud seeding
78
% of drinking water in China that is groundwater?
70%
79
Explain the factors that affect the strength of waves?
wind speed
morphology (bays/headlands)
seabed gradient
80
constructive waves?
Long wavelength + Low amplitude
When they break on a beach:
They have a strong swash
A weak backwash.
81
destructive waves?
Short period +Short wavelength + High amplitude
form during storms
They have a weak swash & A powerful backwash.
82
wave refraction?
Occurs when the undersea topography causes the wave fronts to slow, bend and aim to break parallel to shore
Leads to energy being concentrated on the headland (hence more erosion)
Leads to lower energy in bays (hence deposition)
83
what is a sediment cell?
A cell can be defined as: A length of coastline and its associated nearshore area where the movement of coarse sediment is largely self-contained.
84
Tombolo?
A sand or shingle bar that attaches the coastline to an offshore island. Tombolos form due to wave refraction around an offshore island which creates an area of calm water and deposition between the island and the coast.
Examples: St Ninian’s tombolo, Shetland
85
Bars?
A sand or shingle beach connecting two areas of land with a shallow water lagoon behind. These features occur when a spit grows so long that it extends across a bay, closing it off.
Examples: Chesil Beach, Dorset
86
Submerging Coastlines: Rias?
Sheltered winding inlets with irregular shorelines. Formed when valleys are flooded.
Common in SW of England
Provides a natural harbour
87
Submerging Coastlines: Dalmatian Coastlines?
rivers flow parallel to the coast.
Croatia
88
Submerging Coastlines: Fjords?
- Deep glacial troughs are flooded by a rise in sea level.
V-shaped valley
Very deep inland, shallower in the coast
Common in Norway, New Zealand and Chile.
89
Submerging Coastlines: Fjärds?
Fjärds fill with eroded local materials which assists "filling" along with rising sea level since the last ice age contributing as well.
90
Coastal flooding is a significant and increasing risk for some coastlines. CS?
Bangladesh- Cyclone Sidr + By 2100 16% of Bangladesh will be inundated because of sea level rise
Kiribati
91
Netherlands coastal flooding CS?
after 1953 flood in which 1000 people killed & 26% of Netherlands flooded= Delta Programme was set up
25 years of construction & 5bn EUR
