EQ1 water

Question 1

The global hydrological cycle is a …

Answer 1

a closed system

made up of a series of stores, fluxes, and processes.

Question 2

Oceans contain how much % of world’s water?

Answer 2

97%

Question 3

% of total water on Earth that is groundwater?

Answer 3

1.1%

Question 4

What stores of water have the longest residence time?

Answer 4

Icecaps

Question 5

Icecaps usual residence time?

Answer 5

15,000 years

Question 6

what is a drainage basins?

Answer 6

drainage basin is an area of land drained by a river and its tributaries, and separated form neighbouring drainage basins by a ridge of of high land called a watershed.

Question 7

Is a drainage basin a closed or open system?

Answer 7

open system

Question 8

inputs?

Answer 8

only input into the system is
precipitation. Precipitation is any product of
the condensation of atmospheric water
vapour that falls under gravity.

Question 9

what is orographic precipitation?

Answer 9

precipitation produced when moist air is lifted as it moves over a mountain range. As air rises and cools, orographic clouds form and serve as the source of the precipitation

Question 10

Frontal precipitation?

Answer 10

Frontal precipitation is the result of lifting of lighter warm moist air over more dense cold air.

Question 11

Convectional precipitation?

Answer 11

when energy of sun heats surface of Earth, causing water to evaporate to form water vapour. When land heats up, it warms air above it. Causes air to expand and rise…

Question 12

Types of flows?

Answer 12

Interception
infiltration
surface run off
saturated overland flow
through flow 
percolation 
groundwater flow

Question 13

types of outputs?

Answer 13

evaporation
transpiration
channel flow

Question 14

Define cryosphere?

Answer 14

cryosphere is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth’s surface where water is in solid form

Question 15

define percolation?

Answer 15

percolation refers to the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials.

Question 16

Physical factors affecting drainage basin?

Answer 16

Climate
soils 
geology 
relief
vegetation

Question 17

How do humans disrupt the drainage basin cycle?

Answer 17

deforestation
urbanisation
water storage reservoirs
cloud seeding

Question 18

case study example cloud seeding?

Answer 18

Beijing 2008 before the Olympics

Question 19

urbanisation example effects?

Answer 19

urbanisation across UK has increased flood risk eg. Maidenhead 2014

Question 20

groundwater abstraction constitutes what & of irrigation for China?

Answer 20

40%

Question 21

% of drinking water in China that is groundwater?

Answer 21

70%

Question 22

one example of humans disrupting drainage basin cycle?

Answer 22

Amazonia

Question 23

what is a water budget?

Answer 23

water budget is the amount of water available in a
hydrological cycle. It reflects the inputs (precipitation)
and outputs (evapotranspiration) of a given area.

Question 24

what is a river regime?

Answer 24

The annual variability of a river’s discharge.

Question 25

factors affecting river regimes?

Answer 25

climate (temp & precipitation)
evapotranspiration
drainage basin characteristics

Question 26

what is a storm hydrograph?

Answer 26

storm hydrograph shows how a river’s discharge is affected by a precipitation
event (e.g. storm).

Question 27

some urbanisation impacts?

Answer 27

impermeable surfaces

Urban rivers are often channelised with embankments

Question 28

ways to combat urbanisation?

Answer 28

more green spaces
flood defences
building regulations (flood proof)
semi permeable surfaces eg car parks

Question 29

Yukon River is the … in North America

Answer 29

3rd longest

Question 30

how long Yukon River?

Answer 30

+3000km

Question 31

How big is the Yukon drainage basin?

Answer 31

20% larger than Texas

Question 32

How many people are estimated to live on the Indus basin?

Answer 32

300 million people

Question 33

the Indus provides how much of the water of Pakistan?

Answer 33

80% of all water consumed in Pakistan

Question 34

Where does the water of the Indus come from?

Answer 34

More than 70% of water in Indus comes from glaciers and high altitude wetlands.

Question 35

Amazon river characteristics?

Answer 35

The sun is directly overhead Feb and
March creating daily rainfall from
convection

In the southern hemisphere the earth tilts away from the sun between Jun-Oct contributing to a drop in convectional rainfall.

Question 36

Indus River characteristics?

Answer 36

An initial peak discharge is reached in April due to snow melt in the
Himalayas

In June the 4 month long
Monsoonseason starts bringing lots of rain to the whole region

Question 37

Yukon River characteristics?

Answer 37

During winter months arctic soils and
water courses are frozen solid, hugely reducing river flow as no throughflow or surface runoff occurs.

In May snow melt starts to contribute
to rising river levels.

Further to snowmelt, June sees the
melting permafrost and soils releasing water throughout the drainage basin.

The short summer ends in July and
areas of the catchment start to slowly
refreeze leading to a gradual drop in
the river level

Question 38

How long is the Amazon river?

Answer 38

roughly 4000 miles

Question 39

How many litres of fresh water enter the sea from the Amazon river every second?

Answer 39

200,000 litres per second