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Year 13 > GEO Human Airborne > Flashcards

GEO Human Airborne Flashcards

1
Q

Top coal exporters?

A

Indonesia
Australia
Russia

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2
Q

Prestige oil tanker affected by storm & led to 63,000 tn of oil spill

where when?

A

Galicia coast 2002

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3
Q

Boston Lincolnshire case study?

A

People didn’t like EE migrants taking jobs (especially agriculture)

RESULT => 75% voted in favour of Brexit

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4
Q

Diverse Places terminology?

A 
Social clustering 
Social exclusion 
segregation 
regional disparity 
perception
social cohesion 
ethnic enclaves 
social mobility
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5
Q

EU A8?

A

2004

Accession of

Czech Republic.
Estonia.
Hungary.
Latvia.
Lithuania.
Poland.
Slovakia.
Slovenia.
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6
Q

When was the British Nationality Act?

A

1948

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7
Q

Syrian refugees in UK with asylum?

A

+10,000

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8
Q

London’s median age?

A

33 years old

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9
Q

UK’s median age?

A

39 years old

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10
Q

population class themselves as ‘White British’ in London?

A

only 45%

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11
Q

London’s population born overseas?

A

35%

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12
Q

Cultural events London?

A

e.g. Notting Hill Carnival celebrating Caribbean culture

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13
Q

Haringey CS for what?

A

Inner city area in London has youthful population

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14
Q

St Albans CS for what?

A

A dormitory town within the London commuter belt.

More families

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15
Q

North Norfolk CS for what?

A

Remote rural location Coastal retirement location

Higher elderly population

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16
Q

% of North Norfolk pop over 90?

A

9% of pop

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17
Q

Tottenham CS for what?

A

inner city neighbourhood that is very ethnically diverse

Example of deprived neighbourhood with challenges.

eg. riots 2011 because of death by police of black man

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18
Q

% of Tottenham pop born in UK?

A

48%

pop born in Uk

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19
Q

Teenage pregnancy Tottenham?

A

rates in the borough are among highest in Britain,

53 girls aged 15 to 17 in every 1,000 becoming pregnant annually.

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20
Q

Define Globalisation?

A

globalisation is the process of increasing interconnectedness of social & economic entities around the world

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21
Q

IMF?

A

Channels loans from rich nations to countries that applied for help (short/medium term). Receiving countries must open markets, allowing TNCs to enter the economy more easily.

Provides Policy advice.

UN institution

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22
Q

World Bank?

A

Lends money on a global scale. And gives grants to developing countries. (long-term loans)

UN institution

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23
Q

World Bank example?

A

US$470M granted to Philippines in 2014 for poverty reduction.

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24
Q

WTO?

A

agreement on Trade & Tariffs in 1995. WTO advocates trade liberalisation, especially for manufactured goods. Persuades countries to reduce import/export tariffs.

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25
Q

‘shrinking world’

A

feeling or concept that world is getting smaller.

Places feel more connected.

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26
Q

Number of top Universities in the USA?

A

16/20

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27
Q

When was the

WorldWideWeb invented?

A

1989

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28
Q

19th century transport innovations?

A
  • steamships

* railway

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29
Q

When was the Trans Siberian railway finished?

A

1904

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30
Q

How many Km’s Trans Siberian railway in 1904?

A

9000km

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31
Q

Important breakthrough in Telegraph 1860s?

A

First cables across Atlantic

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32
Q

When did commercial jet aircraft become a thing?

A

1960s

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33
Q

When did Conteinarisation become a thing?

A

1950s

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34
Q

Transport & trade innovations 21 century?

A
  • mobile phones
  • Social Networking
  • electronic banking
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35
Q

What is EasyJet?

A

Low cost airline

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36
Q

Easyjet CS?

A

est. 1995
£4 billion revenues 2014
65M passengers 2014

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37
Q

Why is containerisation effective?

A
  • standard dimensions
  • reduces shipping cost
  • improves logistics
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38
Q

How many tons does a container withstand?

A

25

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39
Q

Population EU?

A

500M

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40
Q

Case Study: M-Pesa

A
  • started 2007
  • online economic transactions system
  • 2% Kenya’s pop released from poverty due to app
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41
Q

In 2013 what percentage was China responsible for global trade?

A

10%

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42
Q

Case Study: China’s open door policy?

A
  • 1978
  • 4 special economic zones
  • FDI allowed in
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43
Q

Largest Migration in history

1978-2010?

A

China

300 million people

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44
Q

How many people are thought of escaping poverty in China because of Open Door Policy?

A

400M people

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45
Q

Why do some countries remain ‘switched off’ from globalisation?

A
  • physical
  • political
  • economic
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46
Q

What is the global shift?

A

Relocation of economic centre to Asia

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47
Q

When did Russia annex Crimea?

A

2014

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48
Q

What is a hyperpower?

A

Refers to unchallenged superpower dominant in:

Politics, economics, military, cultural

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49
Q

Hyperpower examples?

A

Britain 1850-1910

USA 1991-2010

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50
Q

USA exerts what type of hegemony?

A

cultural hegemony

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51
Q

How much money put into Marshall Plan?

A

12 bn USD

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52
Q

What is the Mackinder Heartland theory?

A

Whoever controls Pivot area in Eurasia can control the world.

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53
Q

Who are the BRIC?

A

BRAZIL

RUSSIA

INDIA

CHINA

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54
Q

What does NICs stand for?

A

Newly Industrialised Country

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55
Q

Number of Macdonals world wide?

A

36,000

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56
Q

How do TNCs reinforce the economic and cultural power of the nations they originate from?

  • 3
A
  1. dominate the economic landscape in terms of production & sales
  2. exert control of technology globally through patents
  3. Through their often much-needed investment in developing countries (e.g. Infrastructure, FDI), TNCs may influence government policies, both directly and indirectly.
57
Q

Where did Denmark create Arctic military command & response force?

A

2009

58
Q

2019 global economic transactions in USD?

A

88%

59
Q

1960s average Chinese ate 5kg meat a year, now this is?

A

+60kg meat annually

60
Q

How much of Russia’s GDP is generated in the Arctic?

A

20%

61
Q

How many icebreakers does Russia have?

A

40, making it the world leader in icebreakers.

62
Q

How much has Shell spent on exploration in Arctic?

A

6bn USD

63
Q

What is counterfeiting?

A

Counterfeiting involves the manufacturing or distribution of goods under someone else’s name, and without their permission.

64
Q

counterfeiting example?

A

In 2011 - 22 fake Apple Stores were found in China.

65
Q

Counterfeiting Russian alcohol poisoning?

A

17,000 deaths 2012 - caused by counterfeit beverages with hazardous ingredients

66
Q

Counterfeiting costs G20 countries…?

A

US$85 billion a year.

67
Q

Explain how counterfeiting can negatively affect trade relations. (4)

A

Counterfeiting is illegal

Counterfeiting undermines patents + loss in tax revenue

Job losses

Inferior quality + some dangerous

68
Q

Why does China want South China Sea?

A
  1. imperial history
  2. fisheries
  3. control trade routes + strategic importance
  4. oil/gas reserves + minerals & ores
69
Q

UN decision over South China Sea?

A

A 2016 ruling by a UN tribunal dismissed China’s claim to virtually all of the South China Sea, though Beijing has refused to recognise the decision

70
Q

How much does EU rely on Russian gas?

A

30% of all consumption is supplied by Russia

71
Q

How much does Germany depend on Russian gas?

A

40%

72
Q

Why is China interested in Africa?

A
  1. Natural resources eg, oil form Sudan & Nigeria
  2. Emerging market into which TNC’s can expand
  3. Strategic importance + potential allies (eg. votes in UN)
73
Q

Number of HEP station built by China in Africa?

A

17 HEP by 2013

74
Q

Number of Chinese migrant workers in Africa?

A

+200,000 by 2014 skilled/technical

75
Q

China built how many Confucius Institutes in Africa to teach Chinese language & culture.

A

46

76
Q

China is expected to spend how much on development in Africa?

A

60bn USD

77
Q

Kenya just opened a … Chinese-Built Railway connecting two cities?

A

$4 Billion

78
Q

Environmental Impacts of Sino-African relations exaWhy is governance a source of tension in MEmple?

A

Chinese imports of tropical timber have been linked to widespread illegal deforestation in Mozambique

13% decrease in tree cover

79
Q

China South China Sea environmental impact?

A

construction/drilling/ overfishing cause severe ecosystem degradation

80
Q

How many countries does Mekong pass through?

A

6 countries

China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam

81
Q

How many people depend on Mekong river?

A

Over 60 million people depend on the Mekong for their primary source of income or sustenance, whether it be through fishing or agriculture

82
Q

Cambodia & Vietnam depend on how much on Mekong for protein intake?

A

70-80% protein in their diet comes from fish in the Mekong

83
Q

How many dams has China built on Mekong upstream?

A

6 dams

84
Q

Why is history a source of tension in the ME?

A

borders drawn up by colonial powers who did not reflect geography of ethnic & religious groups

85
Q

Why is governance a source of tension in ME?

A

most countries are new & democracy is weak or non existent

86
Q

Why is religion a source of conflict in ME?

A

Sunni and Shia groups are in conflict with each other.

87
Q

Why are resources a source of conflict in ME?

A

65% of the world’s crude oil exports originate in the region.

Although rich in fossil fuels, the region is short of farmland & water.

88
Q

What was the Kyoto Protocol 1992?

A

consensus by countries that GW is happening because of human actions

Minimise impacts on developing countries by establishing fund for Climate Change

89
Q

Helsinki Protocol 1985?

A

Protocol of the reduction of Sulphur emissions

Aimed for 30% reduction by 1993 = ACHIEVED

UK & USA didn’t sign

90
Q

Cop21 2015 in Paris?

A

Paris Climate accord signed

Aims to keep global warming below 2 degrees Celsius.

legally binding international treaty on climate change

Russia & China signed

91
Q

How many deaths does air pollution cause in China?

A

1.6M

92
Q

Rising middle class in China => car demand?

A

2007: 59M cars
2015: 172M cars

93
Q

EU CC aims?

A

reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030

By 2050, Europe aims to become the world’s first climate-neutral continent.

EU is top provider of finance to support developing countries in efforts to tackle CC

94
Q

Out of pop of 7bn people how many are hungry or malnourished?

A

1bn people

95
Q

To feed the expected number of people by 2050, how much is food production going to have to increase?

A

60-100%

96
Q

In 2020 how many countries suffered from water scarcity?

A

40% of countries

97
Q

Assess the impact on people and the environment of the growth in middle-class numbers and spending.?

A

Increase in consumption of food resources (eg beef)

Increase in consumption of water eg. lifestyle

Nutrition transition: Health risks e.g. cardiovascular problems, obesity

More cars in road → air pollution

98
Q

2015 amount of countries with equal sex access to primary education %?

A

70% of countries

99
Q

Human development factors?

A
  • literacy rate
  • gender equality levels
  • human rights
  • life expectancy
  • wealth
100
Q

Countries with equal sex access to secondary education?

A

48%

101
Q

In the Sahel … Children (6-11 years old) are out of school

A

30M

102
Q

In Pakistan literacy rate for women?

A

only 40%

103
Q

Why are there variations in health and life expectancy?

Zambia CS?

A

poor income country= malaria kills 8,000 children every year

+ 21,000 deaths related to AIDS

104
Q

Life expectancy correlation with?

A

healthcare spending

105
Q

Since 1988 Polio cases have dropped?

A

99%

106
Q

What is the UDHR?

A

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

107
Q

When was the UDHR founded?

A

1948

108
Q

UDHR facts?

A
  • totals 30 articles

- translated to 500 languages

109
Q

What is the ECHR?

A

European Convention of Human Rights

European Court of Human Rights set up 1959 to ensure compliance

110
Q

ECHR formation?

A

1950

111
Q

The ECHR protects:

A
  • Right to life
  • Freedom from torture
  • Freedom from slavery
  • The right to liberty
  • Freedom of expression
  • The right to education
112
Q

When was the Geneva Convention signed?

A

1949

113
Q

CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2021

Best 3

A
  1. Denmark
  2. Finland
  3. New Zealand
114
Q

CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2021

bottom 3

A

Somalia

Syria

South Sudan

115
Q

Chinese violation of human rights examples?

A
  • Uighors in Xinjiang work camps

- Honk Kong political freedoms

116
Q

Types of geopolitical intervention (4)

A
  • Development aid
  • trade embargoes
  • military aid
  • direct/ indirect military action
117
Q

Examples of trade embargoes?

A

USA to Cuba 1960

UN to South Africa 1980s (Apartheid)

UN to North Korea

118
Q

Military aid example?

A

2019 US => 3.8bn to Israel

119
Q

NATO intervention in Lybia?

A
  • 2011
  • British & French airstrikes against Gaddafi forces
  • still turmoil in country
120
Q

Responsibility to Protect?

A

UN in 2005 World Summit to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity

121
Q

Define human development?

A

process of enlarging people’s:

  • freedoms
  • opportunities
  • Improving well being
  • quality of life
122
Q

Measuring success of interventions?

A

Human Rights

Life expectancy

Provision of healthcare (doctors per 100,000)

Literacy rate (% of population)

Quality of physical infrastructure (% with access to water and sanitation)

Per capita GDP or GNI

123
Q

‘Great Firewall of China’?

A

is the combination of legislative actions and technologies enforced by the People’s Republic of China to regulate the Internet domestically.

124
Q

1996-2000 USA gave US$18 million in democracy aid to

A

Guatemala, which provided training for government officers, rebuilt justice system etc.

125
Q

Cost of military intervention?

A

social- eg. 60,000 men in Nam dead

political- Tony Blair Iraq war + home country

Economic- US spent 20 trillion Iraq & Afghanistan

126
Q

Successful military intervention?

A

Crimea 2014

huge gamble but swift

No action taken

127
Q

US vaccination programme reduced infant mortality by

A

75% in Iraq

128
Q

Syrian war cost?

A

400,000 people killed mostly civilians
+5 million refugees
38 uses of chemical weapons mostly Govt.

129
Q

Failure to act: The Srebrenica massacre 1995?

A

UN jurisdictional problems & coordination led to
Ratko Mladic ordering 8,000 unarmed muslims being murdered

UN failed to fulfil its Responsibility to Protect

130
Q

Lack of action Zimbabwe and Robert Mugabe

A

Human right abuses & poverty

Former British colony = sensitive

2008 China & Russia blocked any action proposed such as arms sale

Many argue: no threat to peace = no action

131
Q

COP 26 positives 2021?

A

Barely reach 1.5ºC limit + Net zero by 2050

Subsidies for developing countries: $100 billion per year

+190 countries

More than 100 countries agreed to cut methane emissions by 2030

132
Q

COP 26 negatives?

A

Coal wording, Phase “down” instead of “out”

Tight to reach

hard for developing countries to reach climate goals + living standards rise

unfair to industrialise with rules unlike West

133
Q

Population structure & dynamics are a result of differences in … ?

A

FERTILITY

MORTALITY

INTERNAL & EXTERNAL MIGRATION

134
Q

Cornwall Eden Project CS?

A

Cost 140bn sterling form EU & Govt.
opened 2001
‘biomes’ which exhibit plant types + education centre about sustainable living & youth hostel.
+
generated +1.1bn sterling + 3,500 related jobs
13M visitors?

135
Q

Case study: London today - What are the negative aspects of living in London?

A

High living costs 37% more expensive than Madrid

Low environmental quality: 9,000 deaths for pollution
99% of London had particle pollution levels above WHO recommended limits.

Crime: increasing knife crime, more than New York

136
Q

Why have immigrants come to the UK?

A

economic & labour market factors

Colonial links

UK immigration policy

social welfare, education

137
Q

assimilation?

A 
gradual integration of an immigrant group into the lifestyle and culture of the host country, sometimes at the expense of their own distinctiveness.
##
138
Q

1994 Rwandan genocide

A

up to 800,000 dead in 100 days

no action

Year 13 (5 decks)

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