GEO Human Airborne Flashcards
1
Q
Top coal exporters?
A
Indonesia
Australia
Russia
2
Q
Prestige oil tanker affected by storm & led to 63,000 tn of oil spill
where when?
A
Galicia coast 2002
3
Q
Boston Lincolnshire case study?
A
People didn’t like EE migrants taking jobs (especially agriculture)
RESULT => 75% voted in favour of Brexit
4
Q
Diverse Places terminology?
A
Social clustering Social exclusion segregation regional disparity perception social cohesion ethnic enclaves social mobility
5
Q
EU A8?
A
2004
Accession of
Czech Republic. Estonia. Hungary. Latvia. Lithuania. Poland. Slovakia. Slovenia.
6
Q
When was the British Nationality Act?
A
1948
7
Q
Syrian refugees in UK with asylum?
A
+10,000
8
Q
London’s median age?
A
33 years old
9
Q
UK’s median age?
A
39 years old
10
Q
population class themselves as ‘White British’ in London?
A
only 45%
11
Q
London’s population born overseas?
A
35%
12
Q
Cultural events London?
A
e.g. Notting Hill Carnival celebrating Caribbean culture
13
Q
Haringey CS for what?
A
Inner city area in London has youthful population
14
Q
St Albans CS for what?
A
A dormitory town within the London commuter belt.
More families
15
Q
North Norfolk CS for what?
A
Remote rural location Coastal retirement location
Higher elderly population
16
Q
% of North Norfolk pop over 90?
A
9% of pop
17
Q
Tottenham CS for what?
A
inner city neighbourhood that is very ethnically diverse
Example of deprived neighbourhood with challenges.
eg. riots 2011 because of death by police of black man
18
Q
% of Tottenham pop born in UK?
A
48%
pop born in Uk
19
Q
Teenage pregnancy Tottenham?
A
rates in the borough are among highest in Britain,
53 girls aged 15 to 17 in every 1,000 becoming pregnant annually.
20
Q
Define Globalisation?
A
globalisation is the process of increasing interconnectedness of social & economic entities around the world
21
Q
IMF?
A
Channels loans from rich nations to countries that applied for help (short/medium term). Receiving countries must open markets, allowing TNCs to enter the economy more easily.
Provides Policy advice.
UN institution
22
Q
World Bank?
A
Lends money on a global scale. And gives grants to developing countries. (long-term loans)
UN institution
23
Q
World Bank example?
A
US$470M granted to Philippines in 2014 for poverty reduction.
24
Q
WTO?
A
agreement on Trade & Tariffs in 1995. WTO advocates trade liberalisation, especially for manufactured goods. Persuades countries to reduce import/export tariffs.
25
'shrinking world'
feeling or concept that world is getting smaller.
Places feel more connected.
26
Number of top Universities in the USA?
16/20
27
When was the
WorldWideWeb invented?
1989
28
19th century transport innovations?
* steamships
| * railway
29
When was the Trans Siberian railway finished?
1904
30
How many Km’s Trans Siberian railway in 1904?
9000km
31
Important breakthrough in Telegraph 1860s?
First cables across Atlantic
32
When did commercial jet aircraft become a thing?
1960s
33
When did Conteinarisation become a thing?
1950s
34
Transport & trade innovations 21 century?
* mobile phones
* Social Networking
* electronic banking
35
What is EasyJet?
Low cost airline
36
Easyjet CS?
est. 1995
£4 billion revenues 2014
65M passengers 2014
37
Why is containerisation effective?
* standard dimensions
* reduces shipping cost
* improves logistics
38
How many tons does a container withstand?
25
39
Population EU?
500M
40
Case Study: M-Pesa
* started 2007
* online economic transactions system
* 2% Kenya’s pop released from poverty due to app
41
In 2013 what percentage was China responsible for global trade?
10%
42
Case Study: China’s open door policy?
* 1978
* 4 special economic zones
* FDI allowed in
43
Largest Migration in history
| 1978-2010?
China
300 million people
44
How many people are thought of escaping poverty in China because of Open Door Policy?
400M people
45
Why do some countries remain ‘switched off’ from globalisation?
* physical
* political
* economic
46
What is the global shift?
Relocation of economic centre to Asia
47
When did Russia annex Crimea?
2014
48
What is a hyperpower?
Refers to unchallenged superpower dominant in:
Politics, economics, military, cultural
49
Hyperpower examples?
Britain 1850-1910
USA 1991-2010
50
USA exerts what type of hegemony?
cultural hegemony
51
How much money put into Marshall Plan?
12 bn USD
52
What is the Mackinder Heartland theory?
Whoever controls Pivot area in Eurasia can control the world.
53
Who are the BRIC?
BRAZIL
RUSSIA
INDIA
CHINA
54
What does NICs stand for?
Newly Industrialised Country
55
Number of Macdonals world wide?
36,000
56
How do TNCs reinforce the economic and cultural power of the nations they originate from?
- 3
1. dominate the economic landscape in terms of production & sales
2. exert control of technology globally through patents
3. Through their often much-needed investment in developing countries (e.g. Infrastructure, FDI), TNCs may influence government policies, both directly and indirectly.
57
Where did Denmark create Arctic military command & response force?
2009
58
2019 global economic transactions in USD?
88%
59
1960s average Chinese ate 5kg meat a year, now this is?
+60kg meat annually
60
How much of Russia's GDP is generated in the Arctic?
20%
61
How many icebreakers does Russia have?
40, making it the world leader in icebreakers.
62
How much has Shell spent on exploration in Arctic?
6bn USD
63
What is counterfeiting?
Counterfeiting involves the manufacturing or distribution of goods under someone else's name, and without their permission.
64
counterfeiting example?
In 2011 - 22 fake Apple Stores were found in China.
65
Counterfeiting Russian alcohol poisoning?
17,000 deaths 2012 - caused by counterfeit beverages with hazardous ingredients
66
Counterfeiting costs G20 countries...?
US$85 billion a year.
67
Explain how counterfeiting can negatively affect trade relations. (4)
Counterfeiting is illegal
Counterfeiting undermines patents + loss in tax revenue
Job losses
Inferior quality + some dangerous
68
Why does China want South China Sea?
1. imperial history
2. fisheries
3. control trade routes + strategic importance
4. oil/gas reserves + minerals & ores
69
UN decision over South China Sea?
A 2016 ruling by a UN tribunal dismissed China's claim to virtually all of the South China Sea, though Beijing has refused to recognise the decision
70
How much does EU rely on Russian gas?
30% of all consumption is supplied by Russia
71
How much does Germany depend on Russian gas?
40%
72
Why is China interested in Africa?
1. Natural resources eg, oil form Sudan & Nigeria
2. Emerging market into which TNC's can expand
3. Strategic importance + potential allies (eg. votes in UN)
73
Number of HEP station built by China in Africa?
17 HEP by 2013
74
Number of Chinese migrant workers in Africa?
+200,000 by 2014 skilled/technical
75
China built how many Confucius Institutes in Africa to teach Chinese language & culture.
46
76
China is expected to spend how much on development in Africa?
60bn USD
77
Kenya just opened a ... Chinese-Built Railway connecting two cities?
$4 Billion
78
Environmental Impacts of Sino-African relations exaWhy is governance a source of tension in MEmple?
Chinese imports of tropical timber have been linked to widespread illegal deforestation in Mozambique
13% decrease in tree cover
79
China South China Sea environmental impact?
construction/drilling/ overfishing cause severe ecosystem degradation
80
How many countries does Mekong pass through?
6 countries
China, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam
81
How many people depend on Mekong river?
Over 60 million people depend on the Mekong for their primary source of income or sustenance, whether it be through fishing or agriculture
82
Cambodia & Vietnam depend on how much on Mekong for protein intake?
70-80% protein in their diet comes from fish in the Mekong
83
How many dams has China built on Mekong upstream?
6 dams
84
Why is history a source of tension in the ME?
borders drawn up by colonial powers who did not reflect geography of ethnic & religious groups
85
Why is governance a source of tension in ME?
most countries are new & democracy is weak or non existent
86
Why is religion a source of conflict in ME?
Sunni and Shia groups are in conflict with each other.
87
Why are resources a source of conflict in ME?
65% of the world’s crude oil exports originate in the region.
Although rich in fossil fuels, the region is short of farmland & water.
88
What was the Kyoto Protocol 1992?
consensus by countries that GW is happening because of human actions
Minimise impacts on developing countries by establishing fund for Climate Change
89
Helsinki Protocol 1985?
Protocol of the reduction of Sulphur emissions
Aimed for 30% reduction by 1993 = ACHIEVED
UK & USA didn’t sign
90
Cop21 2015 in Paris?
Paris Climate accord signed
Aims to keep global warming below 2 degrees Celsius.
legally binding international treaty on climate change
Russia & China signed
91
How many deaths does air pollution cause in China?
1.6M
92
Rising middle class in China => car demand?
2007: 59M cars
2015: 172M cars
93
EU CC aims?
reduce net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030
By 2050, Europe aims to become the world’s first climate-neutral continent.
EU is top provider of finance to support developing countries in efforts to tackle CC
94
Out of pop of 7bn people how many are hungry or malnourished?
1bn people
95
To feed the expected number of people by 2050, how much is food production going to have to increase?
60-100%
96
In 2020 how many countries suffered from water scarcity?
40% of countries
97
Assess the impact on people and the environment of the growth in middle-class numbers and spending.?
Increase in consumption of food resources (eg beef)
Increase in consumption of water eg. lifestyle
Nutrition transition: Health risks e.g. cardiovascular problems, obesity
More cars in road → air pollution
98
2015 amount of countries with equal sex access to primary education %?
70% of countries
99
Human development factors?
- literacy rate
- gender equality levels
- human rights
- life expectancy
- wealth
100
Countries with equal sex access to secondary education?
48%
101
In the Sahel ... Children (6-11 years old) are out of school
30M
102
In Pakistan literacy rate for women?
only 40%
103
Why are there variations in health and life expectancy?
Zambia CS?
poor income country= malaria kills 8,000 children every year
+ 21,000 deaths related to AIDS
104
Life expectancy correlation with?
healthcare spending
105
Since 1988 Polio cases have dropped?
99%
106
What is the UDHR?
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
107
When was the UDHR founded?
1948
108
UDHR facts?
- totals 30 articles
| - translated to 500 languages
109
What is the ECHR?
European Convention of Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights set up 1959 to ensure compliance
110
ECHR formation?
1950
111
The ECHR protects:
- Right to life
- Freedom from torture
- Freedom from slavery
- The right to liberty
- Freedom of expression
- The right to education
112
When was the Geneva Convention signed?
1949
113
CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2021
Best 3
1. Denmark
2. Finland
3. New Zealand
114
CORRUPTION PERCEPTIONS INDEX 2021
bottom 3
Somalia
Syria
South Sudan
115
Chinese violation of human rights examples?
- Uighors in Xinjiang work camps
| - Honk Kong political freedoms
116
Types of geopolitical intervention (4)
- Development aid
- trade embargoes
- military aid
- direct/ indirect military action
117
Examples of trade embargoes?
USA to Cuba 1960
UN to South Africa 1980s (Apartheid)
UN to North Korea
118
Military aid example?
2019 US => 3.8bn to Israel
119
NATO intervention in Lybia?
- 2011
- British & French airstrikes against Gaddafi forces
- still turmoil in country
120
Responsibility to Protect?
UN in 2005 World Summit to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity
121
Define human development?
process of enlarging people’s:
- freedoms
- opportunities
- Improving well being
- quality of life
122
Measuring success of interventions?
Human Rights
Life expectancy
Provision of healthcare (doctors per 100,000)
Literacy rate (% of population)
Quality of physical infrastructure (% with access to water and sanitation)
Per capita GDP or GNI
123
'Great Firewall of China'?
is the combination of legislative actions and technologies enforced by the People's Republic of China to regulate the Internet domestically.
124
1996-2000 USA gave US$18 million in democracy aid to
Guatemala, which provided training for government officers, rebuilt justice system etc.
125
Cost of military intervention?
social- eg. 60,000 men in Nam dead
political- Tony Blair Iraq war + home country
Economic- US spent 20 trillion Iraq & Afghanistan
126
Successful military intervention?
Crimea 2014
huge gamble but swift
No action taken
127
US vaccination programme reduced infant mortality by
75% in Iraq
128
Syrian war cost?
400,000 people killed mostly civilians
+5 million refugees
38 uses of chemical weapons mostly Govt.
129
Failure to act: The Srebrenica massacre 1995?
UN jurisdictional problems & coordination led to
Ratko Mladic ordering 8,000 unarmed muslims being murdered
UN failed to fulfil its Responsibility to Protect
130
Lack of action Zimbabwe and Robert Mugabe
Human right abuses & poverty
Former British colony = sensitive
2008 China & Russia blocked any action proposed such as arms sale
Many argue: no threat to peace = no action
131
COP 26 positives 2021?
Barely reach 1.5ºC limit + Net zero by 2050
Subsidies for developing countries: $100 billion per year
+190 countries
More than 100 countries agreed to cut methane emissions by 2030
132
COP 26 negatives?
Coal wording, Phase "down" instead of "out"
Tight to reach
hard for developing countries to reach climate goals + living standards rise
unfair to industrialise with rules unlike West
133
Population structure & dynamics are a result of differences in ... ?
FERTILITY
MORTALITY
INTERNAL & EXTERNAL MIGRATION
134
Cornwall Eden Project CS?
Cost 140bn sterling form EU & Govt.
opened 2001
‘biomes’ which exhibit plant types + education centre about sustainable living & youth hostel.
+
generated +1.1bn sterling + 3,500 related jobs
13M visitors?
135
Case study: London today - What are the negative aspects of living in London?
High living costs 37% more expensive than Madrid
Low environmental quality: 9,000 deaths for pollution
99% of London had particle pollution levels above WHO recommended limits.
Crime: increasing knife crime, more than New York
136
Why have immigrants come to the UK?
economic & labour market factors
Colonial links
UK immigration policy
social welfare, education
137
assimilation?
```
gradual integration of an immigrant group into the lifestyle and culture of the host country, sometimes at the expense of their own distinctiveness.
##
```
138
1994 Rwandan genocide
up to 800,000 dead in 100 days
no action
