Geo 3A: Urban Processes in Perth and NYC

Question 1

What is invasion and succession?

Answer 1

Invasion is when a business or function moves into an area that is dominated by a different function.
Succession is when this invading function becomes the common or dominant one – it has ‘taken over’ the area.
Creates a change of land use in the area.

Question 2

How does invasion and succession create change?

Answer 2

• Considerable land use function change in IMZ and RUF
• Retail and business functions often forced out from the CBD due to limited space and high land values. IMZ attractive – still accessible to CBD and accessible, larger often older properties which can be renovated and converted to suit their new function, more affordable.
• In RUF mainly residential that invades, growing cities = expanision of suburbs into surrounding rural environment(urban sprawl)
• RUF where undesirable functions located – industrial, airports, prisons, rubbish dumps forced to move out as city expands
• Urban blight – property owners reluctant to upgrade properties due to the high probability of invasion by central business functions.
• Urban shadow – in RUF, farmers uncertain of future of farms, competing residential and industrial functions force land values up, as wait for development the farmland and buildings become rundown and degraded.
• Newer growth residential zone is example of succession, where RUF has become dominated by residential land uses

Question 3

Invasion and succession in Perth

Answer 3

Invasion of professional services from the CBD into West Perth – medical professionals, law and mining firms together with restaraunts have moved into buildings not originally designed(e.g. an old house) for them in order to gain accessibility

Question 4

Invasion and succession in New York

Answer 4

Brooklyn
• Demand for residential housing = residential function has invaded and succeeded the once dominant industrial areas of the city
• Industrial areas – SoHo – Manhattan Williamsburg – Brooklyn – experienced steady decline in industry since 1960s
• Centrifugal forces relocated many manufacturing operations – blighted and decayed areas left with very cheap rents, artists began to occupy the large light filled industrial spaces
• Gritty appeal made popular as restaraunts, bars and galleries created unique neighbourhoods with a more personal ‘urban village’ feel than in high rise of Manhattan
• High accessibility to employment and Manhattan = an increase in higher socio economic residents seeking cheap rents and properties – changes demographic of area and initiates urban renewal in the form of gentrification and residential development which has succeeded former industrial function.

Question 5

What is land use competition?

Answer 5

Competition that occurs for land between the different functions – for access to customers, facilities, services.

Question 6

How does land use competition create change?

Answer 6

• Causes land values to be highest in the CBD and generally decline going outwards
• Land use to be intensice in the centre and more space extensive towards the edge
• Causes zones of different funtions – functions that benefit most from maximum accessibility are in the centre and those that benefit the least are on the outskirts

Question 7

Land use competition in Perth

Answer 7

Peak land values in the block bounded by Hay, William and Barrack Street and St George’s Terrace, there are other accessible and desirable areas that attract space-intensive commercial, retail and some industrial funcitions. These areas are located along major transport links e.g. intersections, creating ribbon development of central business-type functions(Albany highway in Victoria park).

Question 8

What are planning regulations?

Answer 8

The limits and regulations set in place for a developing city.

Question 9

How do planning regulations create change?

Answer 9

Provide a framework for the city to develop within, Processes are often formalized through the planning process.
Urban planning tries to group together compatible land uses(agglomeration) orr establish the separation of incompatible land uses(segregation) – airports, industrial and residential, e.g. creating green buffer zones.
Apportions land use zones according to population growth predictions.
Creates accessibility sites such as industrial estates and regional shopping centres.

Question 10

Planning regulations in Perth

Answer 10

Affected morphology of the city, 1970s corridor plan started growth along planned corridors. Has created 4 main corridors of growth, creating Perth’s star shape.

Question 11

Planning regulations in New York

Answer 11

Central park planned to keep green areas, affected morphology of NYC.

Question 12

Description of Transportation

Answer 12

Shapes and develops cities

Question 13

How does transportation create change?

Answer 13

• Has shaped and developed Perth. Freeway and railway systems focus upon the CBD and reinforce its importance. Both of these transport systems were developed and expanded during 1980s and 1990s.
• Development of transportation in city has been in line with the low density of the city’s sprawl.
• CBD is hub of transport

Question 14

Why is transportation changing?

Answer 14

Development is occurring along major transport routes.

Question 15

Examples of transportation in Perth

Answer 15

Mitchell and Kwinana freeway, Southern rail line, South West highway

Question 16

What is agglomeration?

Answer 16

The tendency for industrial functions to group together within a given area for mutual benefit

Question 17

How does agglomeration create change?

Answer 17

Causes individual industries within an industrial zone to use the products of their neighbours or supply semi-finished products to other industries for further processing.
Operate in an environment that allows for levels of noise and air pollution that would be unacceptable in other parts of the city – take advantage of zoning of the area and the economies of operation that flow from industrial agglomeration.

Question 18

Agglomeration in Perth

Answer 18

1950’s – 1960’s WA government provided incentives for industry to locate in Kwinana – cheap land, power, water and a network of rail and road provided. Dredging of Cockburn Sound allowed shipping access and government housing built nearby to accommodate initial workforce. BHP Kwinana nickel refinery gets POWER from the nearby power station, some RAW materials from nearby factories and obtains AMMONIA from nearby CSBP fertiliser factory, Share port facilities for exporting

Question 19

What is aggregation?

Answer 19

Where similar functions group together, usually to take advantage of the reputation of the area.

Question 20

How does aggregation create change?

Answer 20

Causes customers to associate each individual business with a specific/prestigious location. Causes land use functions to locate in a specific area in order to have a larger pull on customers.

Question 21

Aggregation in Perth

Answer 21

Northbridge – entertainment, cultural precint of Perth, nightlife, cafes, restaraunts, bars. Compatible functions also locate here – museums, art galleries because they’re open during the day.

Question 22

Aggregation in New York

Answer 22

Diamond district, broadway for theatre, China town, Greenwich village – jazz clubs, restaurants

Question 23

What is urban renewal?

Answer 23

The large scale redevelopment of area of urban blight, usually initiated by the government, a process of change.

Question 24

What is urban redevelopment?

Answer 24

Small scale redevelopment of urban areas which may have experienced urban blight, or have older land uses activities which are no longer in operation. Usually initiated by private owners or development.

Question 25

How does urban renewal and redevelopment create change?

Answer 25

Causes areas of land to become renewed, reduces urban decline.

Question 26

Urban renewal and redevelopment in Perth

Answer 26

East Perth, IMZ – Previously a thriving residential area, but it’s status declined as a result of industrial functions moving into the area of the Swan River banks. Became a wasteland of industrial neglect, inhabited by many homeless and socially disadvantaged people untl the late 1980s. East Perth Development Authrority established in 1990s, great success – reduces urban sprawl by the design of medium density housing, with derelect industrial functions removed and only small evidence of industry remaining e.g. computer repairs.

Question 27

Urban renewal and redevelopment in New York

Answer 27

Brooklyn
May 2005 NYC council passed a large-scale rezoning of the Northside and Greenpoint waterfront to accommodate high density residential uses and mixed use with a set-aside for the creation of open waterfront space with strict-building guidelines for the creation of waterfront esplanades. Economically beneficial way to address the decline of manufacturing along the North Brooklyn Waterfront(whrere there were a number of vacant and derelict warehouses in Williamsburg)
Dramatic shift of scale in process of gentrification – waterfront neighbourhoods previously manufacturing and industry now primarily for residential use. Warehouses converted into loft buildings e.g. Smith-Gray building.
Project also created housing units at ‘affordable’ rates.