Genomes Flashcards
What is a genome?
is sum of the genetic material contained within the an organism
kilobase, megabase, Gigabase
1000, 1million, 1billion
What DNA is present in a prokaryotic? what DNA is present in a eukaryotic cell?
Talk about the sum of genetic material in Viruses, Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic
Single or double stranded, Chromosomes, + Plasmid , Plant: Nucleus + Chloroplast + mitochondria , Nucleus + mitochondria
Do cells contain multiple mitochondria
Yes
Talk about chloroplast and mitochondria
Genomes are circular, and have double membranes.
Are their more copies of mitochondrial genome or nuclear genome in most cells.
Easier because their is more copies. The more energy the more than one cell can produce
What is a complete genome sequence? why are they not if so?
An attempt to sequence the base pair sequence of all of the DNA in an organism. Because of scaffolds contain gaps, repetitive- skips. Heterochromatin difficult to sequence , usually missing from “whole” genome sequence
Are virus genomes small?
Yes
Are genome size and the amount of protein coding DNA linear
No, genomes can increase in size and the percentage of proteins coding sequences decreases especially in eukaryotes
What factors do you think lead a linage genome to expand or contract
The environment, polyploidy or mutations
Why do prokaryotes tend to be compact?
The genes are mostly in operons and most of the genome is protein coding genes.
Why are Eukaryotes usually larger
Because of the functions and structures related to gene regulation
Eurkayotes are comprised of diverse array of elements but…
only some are translated.
Constant transcription to meet demand because you need ribosomes
because you need ribosomes for RNA genes being repetitive sequences
What are centromeres and do Eurkayotes include that? What else does it inculde?
Dense packed regions, Yes and tele more
Why sequence a genome
For the function so mutation doesn’t happen or to track it
What is the difficulty with post and pre translational processing
To predict the functionality of proteins from only studying the genome. it can result to different structures and fucntions
What are transposons
Segment of DNA that can move to another spot on the same or different chromosome
Why do genomes get smaller overtime??
The lose of protein coding genes(pseudogenes)
accumulation of Mutations over time
Adaption to a new life style
What are transposable and jumping genes
Found in chromosomes and plasmids and additional genes
Why do genomes get larger?
Duplication, cute parts of genes and then insert somewhere else. Cut and paste and copy and paste. Transposons. Polypoildy and nondisjunctions
Changes in genome size can influence evolution?
neofucntionaliation
Degreadtion
Subfuctionalization
