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biology year 2 - exam q > Genome Projects and Gene Technologies > Flashcards

Genome Projects and Gene Technologies Flashcards

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1
Q

why is the probability of 2 individuals having same GFP low?

A

chance of 2 individuals having same number of VNTRs at each place found DNA is low

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2
Q

what does electrophoresis do?

A

separates DNA fragments to make GFP

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3
Q

process of electrophoresis

A
  1. DNA is extracted from tissue and amplified using PCR
  2. the DNA is cut into fragments using same restriction endonucleases
  3. fluorescent tag added to all DNA fragments
  4. DNA mixture placed in well of gel and covered in buffer solution - conducts electricity
  5. electrical current passed through gel - DNA fragments neg charged —> move towards positive electrode
  6. a set of bars is revealed using the markers on the probes
  7. the pattern is unique to each individual, except for identical twins
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4
Q

what is GFP used to determine?

A
  • genetic relationships
  • genetic variability within population
  • forensic science
  • medical diagnosis
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5
Q

how do you make paternity tests more accurate?

A

higher number of places in genome compared

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6
Q

what are sarcomas?

A

type of tumours

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7
Q

in PCR, why is the sample of DNA heated to above 90 degrees?

A

production of single stranded DNA

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8
Q

in PCR, why are primers added?

A
  • complementary to start and end of gene
  • replication of base sequences from here
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9
Q

in PCR, why is polymerase from bacteria that live at high temps used?

A
  • enzymes not denatured at high temps
  • allows rapid replication of DNA
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10
Q

one cycle of PCR takes 5 mins.

starting with a single gene, calc the number of copies of the gene produced in 40 mins?

A

256

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11
Q

give advantages of producing genes via genetic enginering?

A
  • large scale
  • cheap
  • easier prod of human proteins etc
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12
Q

suggest reasons why people may be concerned about using genetic engineering?

A
  • long term effects unknown
  • ethical issues
  • may spread antibiotic resistancy
  • wrong to experiment on animals
  • may encourage similar research using cells from human embryos
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13
Q

describe how a gene can be isolated from human dna?

A
  • use restriction enzyme
  • to cut DNA in specific base sequence
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14
Q

describe how an isolated gene can be replicated by PCR?

A
  • heat DNA to 90-95 degrees C
  • strands separate
  • add primers
  • add nucleotides
  • cool so primers bind to DNA
  • DNA polymerase forms new strands/ joins new nucleotides
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15
Q

describe one example of use of PCR?

A
  • provides multiple copies of DNA fragment
  • e.g. analyse in forensic detection
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16
Q

explain the role of DNA polymerase in RT-PCR?

A

joins nucleotides to produce complementary strands of DNA

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17
Q

any DNA in the sample is hydrolysed by enzymes before the sample is added to reaction mixture.

why?

A
  • to remove DNA present
  • as this DNA would be amplified
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18
Q

sugggest one reason why DNA rep stops in PCR?

A

limited number of primers for use

19
Q

scientists have used RT-PCR method to detect the presence of different RNA viruses in patients suffering from respiratory diseases.

the scientists produced a variety of primers for this procedure.

why?

A
  • base sequence differs
  • different comp primers required
20
Q

process of GFP?

A
  • DNA extracted from sample
  • DNA hydrolysed into fragments using same RE
  • DNA fragments separated using electrophoresis
  • mixture put into well of gel and electric current passed through
  • immerse gel in alkaline sol
  • cover with nylon
  • DNA fixed to nylon using UV light
  • radioactive marker added
  • areas with probe identified using X-ray film
21
Q

describe how scientists could genetically engineer clostridium bacteria to produce the enzyme which activates the prodrug?

A
  • cut gene out of cell
  • cut DNA using RE
  • cut sometimes prod sticky ends
  • joind DNA using ligase
  • plasmid transferred into cell
  • bacteria forced to uptake DNA by heat shock
  • add marker gene
  • select bacteria containing new gene
22
Q

how could GFP from test indicate that a person is father of child

A

bands in baby that dont come from father come from mother

23
Q

how can GFP be useful in selecting animals for breeding

A

pairing animals with dissimilar fingerprints

24
Q

explain why Taq1 cuts normal allele in 4 places but only cutes mutant allele in 3 places

A
  • Taq1 cuts at specific sites
  • no longer present
25
Q

human insulin gene is obtained from mRNA rather than DNA, why

A
  • mRNA will be spliced
  • large amounts of mRNA coding for insulin present in insulin producing cells
26
Q

explain why pieces of human dna would be able to join to cut dna of plasmids

A
  • sticky ends
  • complementary base pairing
27
Q

molecular biologists often use plasmids which contain antibiotic resistance genes.

why

A
  • act as marker genes
  • allows detection of cells containing DNA
  • grow bacteria on bacterium
28
Q

describe how a harmless virus, genetically engineered to contain CFTR gene, can be used to insert the gene into a CF sufferer

A
  • virus inhaled
  • gets into cells, inserting healthy cells
29
Q

explain how the methylation of the promotor sequence of p16 gene could cause a decrase in amount of p16 produced

A
  • no transcription of p16 gene
  • RNA polymerase couldnt bind to dna
30
Q

explain why base pairs are a suitable way of measuring the length of a piece of dna?

A
  • DNA made of base pairs
  • each base pair is same length
31
Q

describe role of enzyme ligase?

A

joins 2 pieces of dna

32
Q

explain how electrophoresis separates the fragments of dna?

A
  • move towards anode
  • different rates of movement
  • related to charge/length
33
Q

what is a dna probe?

A
  • short section of dna
  • comp to dna base sequence
  • single stranded
34
Q

explain why radioactive dna probes are used to locate specific dna fragments?

A
  • allows detection
  • as dna invisible on gel
35
Q

suggest why 2 diff primers are needed?

A

sequences at ends of target sequence different to ones at start

36
Q

why are primers required?

A
  • allow dna polymerase to attach to nucleotides

OR

  • prevent strands re-joining
37
Q

what is the purpose of electrophoresis?

A

separate pieces of dna

38
Q

scientists wanted to find out whether one of haplotypes in portugese wolves was the same as one of those in the spanish wolves.

they used a restriction endonuclease, electrophoresis and a labelled dna probe.

explain why labelled dna probe could be used to find out whether haplotypes were the same?

A
  • comp dna binds to BOTH haplotypes
  • label shows up in both
39
Q

the scientists analysed dna on Y chromosome and DNA mitochondria of swedish wolves.

they concluded that swedish wolf population descended from one male wolf from finland and one female wolf from russia.

explain why dna on Y chromosome helped them reach this conc?

A

Y chromo only found in males

40
Q

the scientists analysed dna on Y chromosome and DNA mitochondria of swedish wolves.

they concluded that swedish wolf population descended from one male wolf from finland and one female wolf from russia.

suggest why DNA in mitochondria helped them reach this conc?

A

no mitochondria come from male gametes

41
Q

wolf numbers are given per unit area

explain why?

A
  • allows comparison
  • different sized areas covered
42
Q

a ecologist considered that the prey index gave a better idea of food available than prey biomass in kg.

suggest why the prey index gives a better idea of food available?

A
  • wolves dont eat all of prey animal
  • wolves eat diff proportions
43
Q

ecologist calculated the total prey index by combining the prey indices and the total number of animals of each species present in 1000km^2.

he plotted this info on a graph

what does the graph suggest about the factors that determin wolf numbers in N america?

A
  • limited by food
  • large range - other factors involved

biology year 2 - exam q (27 decks)

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